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. 2023 Jan 12;14:1098129. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1098129

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Copyright © 2023 Guo, Wantono, Tan, Deng, Duan and Liu.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Regulators participated in ECM stiffening in the pathological lung tissues. ECM components including collagen type I, III, IV, and elastic fibers are significantly increased. Crosslinking between ECM components is elevated caused by increased crosslinking enzymes such as LOX family, TGs, and non-enzymatic AGEs modifications. The balance between MMPs and TIMPs is disturbed due to the increased expression of TIMPs and decreased MMPs. Cells stiffening and contraction also contribute to the matrix stiffness.