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. 2023 Jan 26;13:1460. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-28797-5

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Systemic values and ratios of innate immunity cytokines. According to the disease severity, all Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients were divided in four groups (stage I (n = 61), II (n = 69), III (n = 54), IV (n = 48)). Systemic values of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL) 1β, IL-12, IL-10, and Galectin-3 were determined by ELISA. The ratios of IL-10/IL-1β, IL-10/TNF-α, IL-10/IL-12 as well as Gal-3/IL-1β, Gal-3/TNF-α and Gal-3/IL-12 were evaluated for each patient, separately. For statistical significance determination, Kruskal–Wallis test, with post hoc Mann–Whitney Rank Sum test, was used. *p < 0.05.