Table 3.

EQ-5D-3L Utility and Disutility: general population, caregivers and caregivers by ambulatory status

EQ-5D-3L utilities
Caregivers versus general population	N	Mean	SD
Total sample
General population	36	0.849	0.218
Caregivers	36	0.772	0.178

Excluding patient-caregivera
General population	35	0.871	0.122
Caregivers	35	0.778	0.219

Caregivers by ambulatory status	N	Mean	SD
Requires no assistance walking	12	0.819	0.126
Requires assistance with walking	21	0.754	0.266
Requires wheelchair	2	0.787	0.087
Bedriddenb	1	0.585	–

Estimated EQ-5D-3L disutilitiesC by ambulatory status
Predictors in regression model	Without covariates		With covariates
	Coefficient (disutility)	SE	Coefficient (disutility)	SE
Total sample
General population	Ref		Ref
Requires no assistance walking	− 0.031	0.067	− 0.036	0.066
Requires assistance with walking	− 0.096	0.055	− 0.101	0.055
Requires wheelchair/bedridden	− 0.130	0.121	− 0.110	0.121
Age	–	–	− 0.003	0.002
Gender	–	–	− 0.059	0.061
Not employed vs. employed (ref.)	–	–	− 0.053	0.053

Excluding patient-caregivera
General population	Ref		Ref
Requires no assistance walking	− 0.053	0.060	− 0.036	0.066
Requires assistance with walking	− 0.118*	0.049	− 0.101	0.055
Requires wheelchair/bedridden	− 0.085	0.130	− 0.110	0.121
Age	–	–	− 0.003	0.002
Gender	–	–	− 0.059	0.061
Not employed vs. employed (ref.)	–	–	− 0.053	0.053

^aSample excluding patient-caregiver (n=1) and corresponding matched control (n=1).

^bThe caregiver utility value for the bedridden patient is that of the patient-caregiver (n=1).

^cEstimated using Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression

*p<0.05