Fig. 13.

β-FNAs effect on LPS-induced TNF-α expression in the colon, proximal small intestine (PSI), and distal small intestine (DSI) of male C57BL/6J mice. Mice (n = 11–12/group) were injected (i.p.) with saline (control), LPS (0.83 mg/kg), LPS followed immediately by β-FNA treatment (50 mg/kg; i.p.; LPS + β-FNA), or LPS followed by β-FNA 10 h post-LPS (LPS + β-FNA 10 h). 24 h post-LPS, mice were terminated followed by tissue collection. Levels of TNF-α of the colon (A), PSI (B), and DSI (C) of tissue homogenates were measured by ELISA. Data are reported as mean ± SEM. One-way ANOVA indicated a significant main effect of treatment (p < 0.0001) on TNF-α levels in the colon, proximal small intestine (p < 0.0001), and distal small intestine (p < 0.01). Pairwise comparisons were assessed using a Fisher’s LSD test; * indicates p < 0.05 vs. saline group; # indicates p < 0.05 vs. LPS group; Δ indicates p < 0.05 vs. males LPS