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. 2023 Jan 25;20:4. doi: 10.1186/s12950-023-00328-z

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 3 — β-FNAs effect on LPS-induced CCL2 expression in the whole brain and brain regions (hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, and cerebellum/brain stem) of male and female C57BL/6J mice. Mice (n = 5–6/group) were injected (i.p.) with saline (control), LPS (0.83 mg/kg), LPS followed immediately by β-FNA treatment (50 mg/kg; i.p.; LPS + β-FNA), or LPS followed by β-FNA 10 h post-LPS (LPS + β-FNA 10 h). 24 h post-LPS, mice were terminated followed by tissue collection. Levels of CCL2 of whole brain (A), hippocampus (B), prefrontal cortex (C), and cerebellum/brain stem (D) of tissue homogenates were measured by ELISA. Data are reported as mean ± SEM. Two-way ANOVA indicated a significant main effect of treatment (p < 0.001) on CCL2 levels in the whole brain; but no significant effect of sex (p = 0.47), nor a significant interaction (p = 0.81). Two-way ANOVA determined CCL2 in the hippocampus had a no significant main effect of sex (p = 0.61), treatment (p = 0.14), or interaction (p = 0.79). In the prefrontal cortex two-way ANOVA determined CCL2 had a significant main effect of sex (p < 0.0001), treatment (p < 0.001), and an interaction (p < 0.005). Two-way ANOVA determined in the cerebellum/brain stem that CCL2 had a significant main effect of sex (p < 0.005), treatment (p < 0.005), and an interaction (p < 0.02). Pairwise comparisons were assessed using a Fisher’s LSD test; * indicates p < 0.05 vs. saline group; # indicates p < 0.05 vs. LPS group; Δ indicates p < 0.05 vs. males LPS