(a) Cell viability
of RAW 264.7 cells treated with BSA or R-BSA
at the concentration range of 0–200 μg/mL for 24 or 48
h (n = 6 biological independent samples); (b) intracellular
MFI from ∼100 cells with BSA or R-BSA treatments including
50 μg/mL + 24 h, 100 μg/mL + 24 h, and 200 μg/mL
+ 48 h; (c) relative gene expression of iNOS, TNF-α, CD86, IL-23,
and CD206 in RAW 264.7 cells treated with 50 or 100 μg/mL BSA
or R-BSA for 24 h, untreated RAW 264.7 cells as a control, and ones
stimulated by LPS + IFN-γ as a positive control (n = 3 biological independent samples); and (d) ROS production of RAW
264.7 cells with BSA or R-BSA treatments including 50 μg/mL
+ 24 h, 100 μg/mL + 24 h, and 200 μg/mL + 48h (n = 4 biological independent samples). Error bars are based
on standard errors of the mean (***P < 0.001,
**P < 0.01, or *P < 0.05 by
ANOVA with Tukey’s post-test).