Table 2.

Clinical examinations and their relation to hemiplegic shoulder pain.

	Shoulder pain (n = 133)	No shoulder pain (n = 106)	P-value
Dystoniaa, n (%)	71 (53%)	24 (23%)	<0.001*
Increased	50 (38%)	14 (13%)	<0.001*
Decreased	21 (16%)	10 (9%)	0.146
Subluxation ( n , %)	45 (34%)	1 (1%)	<0.001*
Shoulder PROM b
Mild restriction hspace*0pt   (n, %)	42 (32%)	103 (97%)	<0.001*
Moderate restriction hspace*0pt   (n, %)	31 (23%)	2 (2%)	<0.001*
Severe restriction hspace*0pt   (n, %)	58 (44%)	1 (1%)	<0.001*

^aDystonia: the muscle tension of biceps or triceps on the hemiplegic side.

^bShoulder PROM: Mild restriction: flexion/abduction 140°-180°, or internal/external rotation 60°-90°; Moderate restriction: flexion/abduction 90°-140°, or internal/external rotation 45°-60°; Severe restriction: flexion/abduction 0°-90°, or internal/external rotation 0°-45°.

^*Statistically significant.