TABLE 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study participants.
| Variables | Control (n = 131) | Case (n = 131) | P-value |
| Age (year) | 56.47 ± 5.91 | 57.95 ± 5.42 | 0.03 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 29.13 ± 3.31 | 29.78 ± 3.99 | 0.15 |
| BMD femoral (g/cm2) | 0.78 ± 0.07 | 0.64 ± 0.09 | <0.001 |
| BMD lumbar (g/cm2) | 1.00 ± 0.08 | 0.81 ± 0.09 | <0.001 |
| Income, average (%) | 53 (40.5) | 65 (49.6) | 0.08 |
| Physical activity, moderate (%) | 22 (16.8) | 9 (6.9) | 0.01 |
| Education level (%) Under diploma Diploma Higher diploma |
65 (49.6) 52 (39.7) 14 (910.7) |
98 (74.8) 25 (19.1) 8 (6.1) |
<0.001 |
| Calcium supplement (%) Yes No |
32 (24.4) 99 (75.6) |
32 (24.4) 99 (75.6) |
0.55 |
| Vitamin D supplement (%) Yes No |
76 (58.0) 55 (42.0) |
58 (44.3) 73 (55.7) |
0.01 |
BMI, body mass index; BMD, bone mineral density.
Values are shown as mean for continuous and percentage for categorical variables.
Using independent samples T-test for continuous and chi-square test for categorical variables. Significant p-values are indicated in bold.