Table 5. FUS parameters used in humans.
| References | Target | FUS frequency (kHz) | Incident ISPPA (W/cm2) | Incident ISPTA (W/cm2) | Maximum in situ Pr (kPa) | Maximum in situ ISPTA (W/cm2) | Maximum duty cycle (%) | Sonication duration (ms) | Maximum in situ MI |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ai et al. [56] | Motor cortex | 500 | 16.95 | 6.10 | NR | NR | 36 | 500 | NR (incident MI = 0.97) |
| Braun et al. [57] | Visual cortex | 500 | NR | NR | 600 | NR | 50 | 300 | 0.85 |
| Brinker et al. [58] | Hippocampus | 548 | NR | 2.25 | NR | NR | 50 | 500 | NR |
| Gibson et al. [60] (not FUS) | Motor cortex | 2,320 | 34.96 | 0.13 | NR | NR | < 1 | 120,000 | NR (incident MI = 0.67) |
| Lee et al. [62] | Sensory cortex | 250 | 3.00 | 1.50 | 310 | 1.30 | 50 | 300 | 0.62 |
| Lee et al. [61] | Sensory cortices | 210 | 35.00 | 17.50 | (361) | 4.40 | 50 | 500 | (0.79) |
| Lee et al. [63] | Visual cortex | 270 | 16.60 | 8.30 | 624 | 5.80 | 50 | 300 | 1.20 |
| Lee et al. [64] | Sensory cortices | 210 | 35.00 | 17.50 | (361) | 4.40 | 50 | 500 | (0.79) |
| Legon et al. [65] | Thalamus | 500 | 14.56 | 5.24 | 138 | 2.53 | 36 | 500 | 0.56 |
| Legon et al. [66] | Motor cortex | 500 | 17.12 | 6.16 | 120 | 2.20 | 36 | 500 | 0.17 |
| Legon et al. [67] | Sensory cortex | 500 | 23.87 | 8.59 | (418) | 2.12 | 36 | 500 | (0.59) |
| Monti et al. [68] | Thalamus | 650 | NR | 0.72 | NR | NR | 5 | 30,000 | NR |
| Sanguinetti et al. [69] | Right prefrontal cortex | 500 | 54.00 | 0.27 | NR | NR | 0.5 | 120,000 | NR (incident MI = 1.79) |
| Fomenko et al. [59] | Motor cortex | 500 | 9.26 | 4.63 | 134 | 1.16 | 50 | 500 | 0.19 |
Numbers within parenthesis are either calculated estimates or relevant values based on information reported in the references.
NR, not reported; FUS, focused ultrasound; Pr, peak negative pressure; MI, mechanical index; ISPPA, spatial-peak pulse-average intensity; ISPTA, spatial-peak temporal-average intensity.