Table 1. Potential risk factors for rTMS-induced seizures [1,5].

Risk factors
Previous seizure history
Structural brain lesion (e.g., stroke, traumatic brain injury, neurodegenerative diseases)
Neuropsychiatric disease (e.g., depression [9], bipolar disorder [10], alcohol abuse [11])
Sleep deprivation, stress/anxiety [12]
Metabolic abnormalities (e.g., hyponatremia, hypocalcemia, hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia) [13]
Immunosuppressive therapy (e.g., cyclosporine, tacrolimus) [14]
Systematic infection, fever
Some antibiotics especially in the condition of reduced clearance (e.g., quinolones) [15]
Potentially hazardous medications for rTMS due to seizure threshold–lowering potential (e.g., some kinds of antidepressants, antipsychotics, anticholinergics, antihistamines, sympathomimetics)
Risk of lowering seizure threshold by drug withdrawal (e.g., benzodiazepines, alcohol, baclofen)

rTMS, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation.