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. 2023 Jan 26;23:74. doi: 10.1186/s12888-023-04551-z

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 2 — Participant flow and experimental design. A 36 participants underwent all three feedback conditions in counterbalanced order on experiment Day 2. First, instructions were shown and a short continuous performance task (CPT) trial block was run. Then, the task block started, combined with either the real feedback, sham feedback, or no feedback. Following each 18-min CPT block, participants underwent experience sampling (ES) and a short break (P). Within each feedback block, time phases with distracting events (DP) and phases without distracting events (NDP) were alternated in three-minute cycles. At the end of the experiment, the VRSQ was completed and a recognition task (RT) regarding presented distractors was conducted. B Distractor phase design. Audio, visual, or audiovisual distractors were presented every 30 s during DP. C Implementation of the CPT. The CPT was presented on a canvas with a stimulus interval of 100 ms and an interstimulus interval of 1100 ms. D Outcome parameters of the study. Abbreviations: ADHD: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, ES: Experience sampling, D: Distractor, DP: Distractor phase, HC: Healthy control, ISI: Interstimulus interval, NDP: Non-distractor phase, P: Pause, RT: Recognition task, VRSQ: Virtual Reality Sickness Questionnaire