Fig. 1.

Ochratoxin A (OTA) increased serum creatinine levels and caused histopathological changes in kidney tissues. A: Creatinine levels. B: Masson’s trichrome-stain section area of kidney tissues. C: Kidney tissues examined by Masson’s trichrome staining. Black arrows: fibrosis location. D: Kidney tissues examined by hematoxylin and eosin staining. Black arrows: interstitial nephritis, green arrows: loss of brush border, blue arrows: swelling in tubular epithelial cell, yellow arrows: apoptosis. Significant differences between control and test groups were expressed using Duncan’s multiple range test. * p < 0.05, and *** p < 0.001. CON, the control group treated with vehicle only; OL, the group treated with OTA 1 mg/kg body weight (bw); OH, the group treated with OTA 3 mg/kg bw.