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. 2023 Jan 27;23:178. doi: 10.1186/s12889-022-14940-w

Table 3.

Studies reporting MLTCs across ethnic groups specifying index condition

CANCERS
Study ID Study design Geographical reach Data Source Sample size Age in years %Female Ethnic categories Index condition Covariates adjusted for in analysis of the prevalence of multiple conditions
Gathani et al., 2020 [81] Retrospective study National National Cancer Registration & Analysis Service data 164,143

Mean Age SD):

59 (11.3)

 100 white, Indian, Black Caribbean, Pakistani, Black African Breast cancer none
Samy et al., 2015 [71] Retrospective study National The National Cancer Data Repository 24,361 Age: 83% of sample > 60 46 white, Black, South Asian, other Myeloma none
Nimako et al., 2013 [83] Retrospective study Local Specialist services 423 Mean Age: 64 35 Western European, Afro-Caribbean, Indian Sub-Continent, South East Asian, other Lung cancer none
DIABETES
Study ID Study design Geographical reach Data Source Sample size Age in years %Female Ethnic categories Index condition Covariates adjusted for in analysis of the prevalence of multiple conditions
Mathur et al., 2020 [75] Observational cohort study National Clinical Practice Research Datalink 179,886

Age at diagnosis:

62(13)

 45 white, South Asian, Black, other/mixed Diabetes age at diagnosis, sex, deprivation
Mathur et al., 2020b [84] Observational cohort study National Clinical Practice Research Datalink 162,238 Age at diagnosis: 62(13) 45 white, South Asian, Black Diabetes none
Mathur et al., 2018 [85] Observational cohort study (2006–2016) with nested casecontrol study local Primary records 6274

Age range:

25–84

 56 white, South Asian, Black Diabetes none
Owusu Adjah et al., 2018 [86] Matched case control National The Health Improvement Network 341,626 Age: ≥ 18 43 white European, African-Caribbean, South Asia Diabetes age, sex
Malavige et al., 2013 [63] Cross-sectional study Local primary care records 510 Mean Age(SD): 57(8) 0 South Asian, Europid Diabetes none
Sivaprasad et al., 2012 [56] Cross-sectional study Local Diabetes register 50,285 Mean Age (SD): 62(15) 47 white European, African/Afro-Caribbean, South Asian, mixed, other Diabetes age, gender, region, type of diabetes
Mehta et al., 2011 [53] Cross-sectional study Local Clinical workstation 5664 Mean Age (SD): 60(17) 46 South Asian, white European Diabetes none
Ali et al., 2009 [54] Cross-sectional study Local The clinical workstation 6230 Age: 55% of sample ≥ 60 46 South Asian, white European Diabetes age, gender, comorbidities and complications
Fischbacher et al., 2009 [52] Retrospective study Local The Diabetes Audit and Research in Tayside 9833 Age:95% of sample > 45 47 South Asian, Non-South Asian Diabetes age, sex
Baskar et al., 2006 [87] Cross-sectional study Local Diabetes register 6047 Age: ≥ 18 46 African Caribbean, Caucasian, Indo-Asian Diabetes age, gender, Duration of diabetes (year), BMI, Type 2 Diabetes, Ever smoked, Systolic Blood Pressure
Earle et al., 2001 [88] Retrospective case note review Local Hospital records 45 Mean Age (SD): 66 (8.5) 36 Indo-Asian, African-Caribbean, Caucasian Diabetes age, gender, blood pressure, baseline proteinuria, antihypertensive treatment and smoking habit
Nagi et al., 1994 [61] Cross-sectional study Local Specialist services 89 Age range: 35–70 24 Caucasian, Asian Diabetes none
Hawthorne et al., 1990 [24] Cross-sectional study Local diabetes register 71 Age: NR 59 Asian, British Diabetes none
CONDITIONS AFFECTING THE HEART AND BLOOD VESSELS
Study ID Study design Geographical reach Data Source Sample size Age in years %Female Ethnic categories Index condition Covariates adjusted for in analysis of the prevalence of multiple conditions
Lawson et al., 2020 [18] Retrospective study National Clinical Practice Research Datalink 108,638 Mean Age (SD): 78(12) 50 white, South Asian, Black Heart Failure none
Gill et al., 2017 [89] Cross-sectional study Regional Primary care records 551 Age range: 40–75 50 white British, African Caribbean, South Asian hypertension status none
Gorantla et al., 2015 [90] Retrospective study Regional Hospital records 42,685 Mean age: 74 49 Caucasian, South Asian, Afro-Caribbean, Oriental, mixed, other Atrial fibrillation none
Sosin et al., 2008 [91] Cross-sectional study Local Hospital records 243 Age: 34% of sample ≥ 65 28 white European, African Caribbean, South Asian Heart failure age, gender, diabetes status, smoking status, or BNP vitamin B12, folate, healthy control status
Patel et al., 2007 [62] Cross-sectional study Local Specialist services 212 Mean Age(SD): 61(13) 33 South Asian, Caucasian Chronic Heart Failure none
Conway et al., 2004 [92] Retrospective study Local Hospital records 388 Mean Age (SD): 70(12) 41 Indo-Asian, Afro-Caribbean, Caucasian Peripheral artery disease age, gender
Blackledge et al., 2003 [73] Historical cohort study Local Hospital records 5789 Age: ≥ 40 50 white, South Asian, other Heart failure none
Lear et al., 1994 [26] Retrospective study Local Specialist services 403 Age range: 33–93 35 Indian, European Myocardial infarction none
Lowry et al., 1984 [59] Retrospective study Local Specialist services 102 Mean Age (SD):50(8) 9 Asian, white Coronary artery disease none
CONDITIONS AFFECTING THE KIDNEY
Study ID Study design Geographical reach Data Source Sample size Age in years %Female Ethnic categories Index condition Covariates adjusted for in analysis of the prevalence of multiple conditions
Steenkamp et al., 2016 [48] Retrospective study National UK Renal Registry 7786 Age: ≥ 18 NR white, South Asian, Black, other Renal disease none
Hull et al., 2014 [72] Cross-sectional study Local Patient survey 12,011 Mean Age: 71 57 white, South Asian, Black, other Chronic Kidney Disease none
Cole et al., 2014 [64] Retrospective study Local Specialist services 1340 Mean Age (SD): 60(16) 39 white, Black End stage Renal disease none
Jesky et al., 2013 [93] Retrospective cohort study Local Primary care records 31,254 Median age (IQR):59 (50,71) 49 white, South Asian, Black Chronic Kidney Disease none
Rao et al., 2013 [46] Retrospective study National UK Renal Registry 6979 Age: ≥ 18 NR white, South Asian, Black, other Renal disease none
Udayaraj et al., 2013 [94] Retrospective study National UK Renal Registry 53,565 Age: ≥ 18 38 South Asian, Black, white Renal disease none
Shaw et al., 2012 [47] Retrospective study National UK Renal Registry 5783 Age: ≥ 18 NR white, South Asian, Black, other Renal disease none
Webb et al., 2011 [50] Retrospective study National UK Renal Registry 4877 Age: ≥ 18 NR white, South Asian, Black, other Renal disease none
Caskey et al., 2010 [49] Observational study National UK Renal Registry 12,943 Age: ≥ 18 NR white, South Asian, Black, other Renal disease none
Roderick et al., 2009 [55] Prospective cohort National Renal Registry 5901 Age:82% of sample > 45 38 Caucasian, South Asian, Black Established Renal failure age
Jain et al., 2009 [82] Prospective study Regional Hospital records 755 Age range: 16–86 37 white, Black, South Asian, other Renal disease none
Udayaraj et al., 2009 [51] Retrospective study National UK Renal Registry 11,399 Age: ≥ 18 NR South Asian, Black, Chinese, other, white Renal disease none
Tomson et al., 2007 [45] Retrospective study National UK Renal Registry 10,579 Age: ≥ 18 NR South Asian, Black, Chinese, other, white Renal disease none
Bakewell et al., 2001 [60] Observational study Local Specialist services 120 Age: ≥ 18 32 Asian, white End-stage renal disease none
Roderick et al., 1996 [25] Cross-sectional retrospective study National Specialist services 5901 Age: ≥ 16 NR white, Asian, Black End stage renal disease none
MENTAL HEALTH CONDITIONS
Study ID Study design Geographical reach Data Source Sample size Age in years %Female Ethnic categories Index condition Covariates adjusted for in analysis of the prevalence of multiple conditions
Downs et al., 2017 [77] Historical cohort study Local Clinical Record Interactive Search system 638 Age range: 10–17 50 white British, white Other, Black, Asian, Mixed Psychosis none
Nicholl et al., 2015 [28] Cross-sectional study National UK Biobank 144,139 Mean age (SD): 57(8.1) 53 white, Asian, Black Depression age, sex, quintiles of Townsend score, smoking status, frequency of alcohol consumption, BMI, morbidity count
Bruce et al., 2012 [76] Cross-sectional study Local Specialist services 165 Mean age (SD): 39(10) 0 African, Caribbean, white British Severe mental illness none
Mazzoncini et al., 2010 [95] Retrospective study Local Specialist services 511 Age range: 16–64 41 white British, white other, Black Caribbean, Black African, Asian, other Psychosis none
Pinto et al., 2010 [67] Cross-sectional study Local Lambeth DataNet 903 Age range: 16–74 40 white, Black Psychosis age, gender, obesity and deprivation
Afuwape et al., 2006 [35] Retrospective cohort study Local COMO study 213 Mean Age: 37 16 white, Black Caribbean, Black African, Black British Psychotic illness age
Bhui et al., 2004 [58] Cross-sectional study Local Primary care records 389 Age: ≥ 16.5 56 Punjabi, English Depression age, gender, social class, employment, marital status, number of body systems affected by physical illness
Kennedy et al., 2004 [96] Epidemiologically-based study Local Specialist services 246 Age: > 16 54 white European, African–Caribbean, African, other Severe mental illness none
Miles et al., 2003 [34] Cross-sectional study Local COMO study 214

Age range:

17–77

 17 white, Black, other Psychotic illness none
McKenzie et al., 2002 [43] Cross-sectional design Local Hospital records 337

Mean Age(SD):

33 (13)

 44 white, African-Caribbean, Mixed African-Caribbean and white, African, South Asian, Other Psychosis age, sex, social class, RDC diagnosis and referral status
Graham et al., 2001 [41] Cross-sectional study Local Mental Health and Substance Misuse services survey 498

Age range:

18–71

 22 white UK, African-Caribbean, Asian, European, Irish, mixed, Black other, other Severe mental illness none
Weaver et al., 2001 [97] Cross-sectional study Local Specialist services 851

Mean Age(SD):

45(14)

 44 white UK/European, Black, Irish, Other Psychotic disorders age, sex, diagnosis
NEUROLOGICAL CONDITIONS
Study ID Study design Geographical reach Data Source Sample size Age in years %Female Ethnic categories Index condition Covariates adjusted for in analysis of the prevalence of multiple conditions
Bhanu et al., 2020 [74] Retrospective cohort study National The Health Improvement Network database 10,570 Mean Age: 80 64 white, Asian, Black Dementia none
Taylor et al., 2020 [31] Longitudinal cohort study National UK Biobank 1568 Age range: 40–69 72 white, BAME, other/unknown Multiple sclerosis none
Jordan et al., 2017 [39] Longitudinal study National Millennium Cohort Study 7224 Age: < 18 49 Caucasian, Non-Caucasian Dyslexia none
Liew et al., 2016 [98] Retrospective study Regional Hospital records 3275 Mean Age: 71 53 Caucasian, South Asian, Afro-Caribbean, Oriental, mixed, other Transient ischemic attack none
Eastwood et al., 2015 [40] Longitudinal study Local The SABRE study 4196 Age range: 45–58 0 South Asian, European Stroke age, smoking status, waist/hip ratio, total/HDL-cholesterol ratio, diabetes mellitus, fasting glucose, physical activity, heart rate
Potluri et al., 2015 [99] Retrospective study Regional Hospital records 17,415 Mean Age: 74 50 Caucasian, South Asian, Afro-Caribbean, Oriental, mixed, other Ischaemic stroke none
Sarker et al., 2008 [100] Prospective study Local The South London Stroke Register 566 Mean Age(SD): 62(17) 46 white, Black, other/missing Haemorrhagic stroke none
Patel et al., 2001 [101] Prospective study Local South London Stroke Register 235 Mean Age(SD): 71(14) 51 white, Black, other Stroke none
RESPIRATORY CONDITIONS
Study ID Study design Geographical reach Data Source Sample size Age in years %Female Ethnic categories Index condition Covariates adjusted for in analysis of the prevalence of multiple conditions
Sapey et al., 2020 [57] Observational cohort study Local Hospital records 2217 Median Age(IQR): 73(58–84) 42 white, mixed, South Asian/South Asian British, Black/African/Caribbean/Black British, other COVID-19 infection none
Zakeri et al., 2020 [70] Cohort observational study local Lambeth DataNet 872 Age: ≥ 18 44 Black, white, mixed/other, Asian COVID-19 infection none
Perez-Guzman et al., 2020 [44] Retrospective study Local Hospital records 559 Median Age(IQR): 69(25) 38 white, Black, Asian, other SARS-CoV-2 infection none
Marshall et al., 1999 [102] Retrospective study Local Specialist services 157 Age:94% of sample > 20 34 European, African, Asian, Americans Tuberculosis none
OTHER HEALTH CONDITIONS
Study ID Study design Geographical reach Data Source Sample size Age in years %Female Ethnic categories Index condition Covariates adjusted for in analysis of the prevalence of multiple conditions
Ali et al., 2020 [103] Observational study Regional Specialist services 313 Mean Age(SD): 52(11) 25 Asian/Asian British, white, Black/African/Caribbean/Black British, mixed, other ethnic group Hepatitis C infection none
Eendebak et al., 2017 [33] Cross-sectional observational study Local HUSERMET Study 642 Age range: 40–48 0% South Asian, white European, African Caribbean Reproductive hormone levels none
Misra et al., 2016 [69] Retrospective cohort study National Hospital records 71,966 Age range:2–104 52 White European, Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi, Black, Chinese, Ulcerative colitis none
Patel et al., 2016 [66] Cross-sectional observational study Local Specialist services 299 Mean Age(SD): 58(2) 5 white, other HIV none
Nisar et al., 2015 [104] Retrospective study Local Specialist services 299 Mean Age at start of therapy:51 64 Caucasian, Asian, Afro-Caribbean, Mixed Inflammatory arthritis none
Chackayil et al., 2013 [105] Retrospective, cross-sectional study Regional Hospital records 3563 Age: NR 59 white, South Asian, African Caribbean Iron deficiency Anaemia none
Kitley et al., 2012 [65] Retrospective study Local Specialist services 106 Mean Age at onset:41 87 Caucasian, Afro-Caribbean, Japanese Neuromyelitis optical none
Mann et al., 2008 [106] Retrospective National Hospital records 40,488 Mean Age(SD): 42(13) 39 white, Black African, Black Caribbean, Pakistani, Bangladeshi, Other, Mixed, Indian, Chinese Hepatitis C age, sex, year
Mohsen et al., 2005 [68] Cross-sectional design Local Specialist services 1017 Median age at presentation(IQR):32.6(29–38) 35 white, Black African, Black Caribbean, Black Other, South Asian, Other, Oriental HIV gender, HIV risk group, Place of birth, History of Injecting Drug Use, Blood factor
Dragovic et al., 2002 [78] Retrospective study Local Specialist services 153 Age: 97% aged ≥ 17 19.6 white, Black Caribbean, Black African, Gonococcal infection age, sex
Rose et al., 2002 [37] Retrospective study National National TB survey database & HIV/AIDS patient database 3432 Age range: 16–54 45 white, Black African, Indian sub-continent, other/unknown HIV year, sex, geographical area