Table 3.
Mitochondrial Function, Inflammation, Endothelial Function, Glycemic Indeces, and Genomic Damage
| Outcome Measure | YAG-0w (N = 11) |
YAG-2w (N = 11) |
OAG-0w YA-0w vs OAG-0w (N = 12) |
OAG-2w (N = 12) |
OAG-16w OAG-0w vs OAG-16w; OAG-16w vs YA-0w (N = 11) |
OAP-0w YA-0w vs OAP-0w; OAP-0w vs OAG-0w (N = 12) |
OAP-2w (N = 12) |
OAP-16w OAP-0w vs OAP-16w (N = 12) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plasma inflammatory cytokines | ||||||||
| High-sensitivity interleukin-6 (IL-6, pg/mL) | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 4.6 ± 1.4 p < .001 |
2.0 ± 0.5 p < .001 |
1.0 ± 0.3 p < .001 p > .99 |
4.1 ± 1.6 p < .001 p > .99 |
4.0 ± 1.5 p > .99 |
4.2 ± 1.5 p > .99 |
| Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα, pg/mL) | 33.3 ± 6.3 | 32.4 ± 8.4 | 103.4 ± 14.7 p < .001 |
72.8 ± 10.4 p < .001 |
47.1 ± 11.3 p < .001 p = .018 |
102.4 ± 12.8 p < .001 p = .84 |
98.7 ± 9.4 p = .23 |
107.8 ± 12.1 p = .09 |
| High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (CRP, ng/mL) | 2.2 ± 0.5 | 2.0 ± 0.4 | 4.4 ± 0.5 p < .001 |
3.3 ± 0.4 p < .001 |
2.6 ± 0.4 p < .001 p = .47 |
4.3 ± 0.6 p < .001 p > .99 |
4.3 ± 0.6 p > .99 |
4.5 ± 0.6 p = .16 |
| Interleukin-10 (IL-10, pg/mL) | 3.9 ± 0.7 | 4.1 ± 0.5 | 1.8 ± 0.6 p < .001 |
2.7 ± 0.6 p < .001 |
3.5 ± 0.6 p < .001 p = .67 |
2.0 ± 0.6 p < .001 p > .99 |
2.1 ± 0.6 p > .99 |
1.9 ± 0.6 p > .99 |
| Plasma markers of endothelial function | ||||||||
| Soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM1, ng/mL) | 255.5 ± 125.9 | 261.8 ± 111.4 |
948.3 ± 171.8 p < .001 |
692.4 ± 153.6 p < .001 |
407.8 ± 147.3 p < .001 p = .102 |
885.3 ± 147.9 p < .001 p = .88 |
909.5 ± 158.0 p = .88 |
903.6 ± 155.0 p = .88 |
| Soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM1, ng/mL) | 463.0 ± 136.5 | 466.8 ± 114.8 |
1 037.6 ± 261.8 p < .001 |
814.9 ± 212.0 p < .001 |
582.1 ± 144.1 p < .001 p = .68 |
1 000.0 ± 208.2 p < .001 p > .99 |
1 005.4 ± 214.3 p > .99 |
1 023.9 ± 212.2 p > .99 |
| Glycemic parameters | ||||||||
| Insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) | 2.4 ± 0.5 | 2.3 ± 0.4 | 10.8 ± 2.5 p < .001 |
7.4 ± 1.8 p < .001 |
3.9 ± 1.1 p < .001 p = .28 |
11.1 ± 2.5 p < .001 p = .72 |
10.7 ± 2.7 p = .61 |
11.6 ± 3.5 p = .61 |
| Glucose (mmol/L) | 4.8 ± 0.4 | 4.8 ± 0.5 | 5.6 ± 0.7 p = .018 |
5.7 ± 0.5 p = .51 |
5.6 ± 0.6 p > .99 p = .013 |
5.4 ± 0.5 p = .10 p > .99 |
5.3 ± 0.5 p > .99 |
5.5 ± 0.6 p > .99 |
| Insulin (mU/L) | 11.3 ± 2.6 | 10.8 ± 1.9 | 44.5 ± 11.8 p < .001 |
29.4 ± 7.8 p < .001 |
15.8 ± 4.8 p < .001 p = .57 |
46.6 ± 10.7 p < .001 p > .99 |
45.1 ± 10.1 p = .86 |
47.5 ± 12.5 p > .99 |
| Area under the curve (oral glucose tolerance test) | 66.6 ± 37.1 | 54.9 ± 26.6 | 117.3 ± 57.5 p = .18 |
109.3 ± 49.3 | 102.9 ± 47.9 p = .21 p = .54 |
118.9 ± 61.7 p = .18 p = .94 |
119.6 ± 58.2 | 127.8 ± 60.9 p = .54 |
| Genomic damage | ||||||||
| 8-hydroxy deoxy guanosine (8-OHdG, pg/mL) | 36.5 ± 10.5 | 31.8 ± 8.2 | 158.0 ± 54.8 p < .001 |
67.3 ± 20.3 p < .001 |
42.6 ± 11.8 p < .001 p > .99 |
154.9 ± 38.7 p < .001 p > .99 |
145.6 ± 33.4 p > .99 |
157.0 ± 55.2 p > .99 |
Notes: Data are summarized by means with standard deviations. p Values are significant at values < .05. GlyNAC = combination of glycine and N-acetylcysteine; YAG = young adults supplemented with GlyNAC; YA = young adults; OAG = older adults receiving GlyNAC; OAP = older adults receiving placebo.