Figure 3.

Associations of loneliness (A) and social isolation (B) with hospital-treated infections in the UK Biobank after multivariable adjustments, in different follow-up groups, and excluding those with hospital admissions due to diseases that could affect the risk of infections

PERM=percentage of excess risk attributable to covariates. *Participants with cancer, chronic kidney disease, chronic lung diseases, dementia or other neurological diseases, diabetes, heart conditions, HIV infection, primary immune deficiency, liver disease, sickle cell disease, stroke or cerebrovascular disease, and substance use disorder at baseline or follow-up were excluded.