. 2023 Jan 25;12:e10. doi: 10.1017/jns.2022.119

Table 2.

Median energy density, nutrient density (NRF9.3), food prices (per 100 g and per 100 kcal) and nutrient-to-price ratio of food groups

	N	Energy density (kcal/100 g)	Nutrient density (NRF9.3/100 kcal)	Price per 100 g	Price per 100 kcal	NPR NRF9.3/ZAR 100 g	NPR NRF9.3/ZAR 100 kcal
	N	Median (IQR)	Median (IQR)	Median (IQR)	Median (IQR)	Median (IQR)	Median (IQR)
All items	116	142·7 (62·8–373·1)	30·9 (12·5–68·0)	3·9 (2·0–7·9)	2·6 (1·4–5·5)	8·2 (3·1–24·2)	8·3 (3·1–24·8)
Food groups
Starchy foods^a	20	136·5 (83·2–340·4)^e^,^f	35·2 (26·6–47·9)^e^,^g	1·6 (0·6–3·3)^d^,^f	0·8 (0·5–1·6)^e	41·3 (24·7–85·3)^c^,^d^,^e^,^f^,^g	43·5 (24·7–95·4)^c^,^d^,^e^,^f^,^g
Pulses^b	5	120·7 (103·9–134·2)^f	77·7 (55·7–115·3)^f^,^g	1·6 (1·4–3·2)^d	1·2 (1·1–3·1)^e	67·1 (24·2–77·8)^f^,^g	67·1 (24·2–77·8)^g
Dairy^c	10	76·9 (62·1–339·2)^f	32·3 (26·3–41·9)^e^,^g	3·0 (1·3–14·2)	3·3 (2·1–4·2)^e	11·9 (6·4–16·1)^a	11·9 (6·4–16·1)^a^,^g
Fish, chicken, meat and eggs^d	20	221·8 (150·6–304·9)^e^,^f	41·8 (16·3–92·6)^f^,^g	10·9 (6·1–16·9)^a^,^b^,^e^,^g	4·8 (3·1–6·9)^a^,^b	7·9 (2·5–9·7)^a	7·9 (2·5–9·7)^a
Vegetables and fruits^e	30	52·4 (27·4–64·1)^a^,^f^,^g	82·9 (33·3–132·6)^a^,^c^,^f^,^g	3·2 (2·0–3·2)^d	7·7 (3·5–12·8)^d^,^f^,^g	8·7 (4·7–17·1)^a^,^g	8·7 (4·7–15·4)^a^,^g
Fats, oils and foods high in fat^f	18	573·4 (410·3–714·5)^a^,^b^,^c^,^d^,^e^,^g	10·1 (−4·1–15·8)^b^,^d^,^e	7·8 (3·5–10·1)^a	1·6 (0·6–2·2)^e	4·5 (−2·5–8·8)^a	5·7 (−5·2–11·2)^a
Sugar & foods and drinks high in sugar^g	13	364·1 (134·5–433·3)^e^,^f	−34·1 (−72·1–(−11·8))^a^,^b^,^c^,^d^,^e	4·6 (1·9–6·6)^d	1·5 (1·4–2·9)^e	−9·6 (−29·6–(−4·5))^a^,^b^,^e	−9·6 (−42·4–(−6·6))^a^,^b^,^c^,^d^,^e^,^f
P-value^*		<0·001	<0·001	<0·001	<0·001	<0·001	<0·001

NRF, Nutrient Rich Foods; NPR, nutrient-to-price ratio; ZAR, South African Rand; IQR, interquartile range; 100 kcal = 418 kJ.

Statistical difference between food groups, obtained by ANOVA test, significant at P < 0·001 level.

Each food group (the reference food group) was assigned a letter.

Starchy foods.

Pulses.

Dairy.

Fish, chicken, meat and eggs.

Vegetables and fruits.

Fats, oils and foods high in fat.

Sugar and foods and drinks high in sugar. Median superscript letters indicate food groups that differ significantly from the reference food group; ANOVA Tukey post hoc test, significant at P < 0·05 level.