Table 1.

Internal and external validation of the DLS in image models, clinical models and mixed models for 5-year high myopia prediction.

Model	Input Variables	Internal Validation (School 2 and 3)					External Validation (School 1)
		Threshold	AUC (C.I.)	Accuracy (C.I)	Sensitivity (C.I.)	Specificity (C.I.)	Threshold	AUC (C.I.)	Accuracy (C.I)	Sensitivity (C.I.)	Specificity (C.I.)
Image model	Fundus photo	1.94	0.93 (0.89–0.98)	0.84 (0.84–0.84)	0.92 (0.92–0.92)	0.84 (0.84–0.84)	1.94	0.93 (0.88–0.97)	0.86 (0.86–0.86)	0.88 (0.87–0.88)	0.86 (0.85–0.86)
	Fundus photo + Age + Race + Gender	1.84	0.95 (0.92–0.99)	0.86 (0.86–0.86)	0.85 (0.85–0.85)	0.86 (0.86–0.86)	1.84	0.91 (0.85–0.96)	0.78 (0.78–0.78)	0.88 (0.87–0.88)	0.77 (0.77–0.78)
Clinical model	Baseline SEa	1.74	0.90 (0.84–0.96)	0.80 (0.80–0.80)	0.77 (0.77–0.77)	0.80 (0.80–0.80)	1.74	0.93 (0.87–0.98)	0.65 (0.64–0.65)	1.00 (1.00–1.00)	0.61 (0.61–0.62)
	Baseline SEa + Age + Race + Gender	1.99	0.97 (0.93–0.99)	0.87 (0.87–0.87)	0.85 (0.85–0.85)	0.87 (0.87–0.87)	1.99	0.94 (0.90–0.97)	0.74 (0.74–0.74)	1.00 (1.00–1.00)	0.72 (0.71–0.72)
	Baseline SEa + Age + Race + Gender + 1-year SE* progression	2.06	0.98 (0.96–0.99)	0.92 (0.92–0.92)	0.92 (0.92–0.92)	0.92 (0.92–0.92)	2.06	0.97 (0.94–0.99)	0.84 (0.83–0.84)	1.00 (1.00–1.00)	0.82 (0.82–0.82)
Mixed model	Fundus photo + Baseline SEa	1.98	0.97 (0.94–0.99)	0.93 (0.93–0.93)	0.92 (0.92–0.92)	0.93 (0.93–0.93)	1.98	0.97 (0.94–0.99)	0.82 (0.82–0.82)	1.00 (1.00–1.00)	0.80 (0.80–0.81)
	Fundus photo + Baseline SEa + Age + Race + Gender	1.98	0.97 (0.95–0.99)	0.93 (0.93–0.93)	0.92 (0.92–0.92)	0.93 (0.93–0.93)	1.98	0.98 (0.96–1.00)	0.82 (0.82–0.82)	1.00 (1.00–1.00)	0.80 (0.80–0.81)
	Fundus photo + Baseline SEa + Age + Race + Gender + 1-year SEa progression	2	0.99 (0.97–1.00)	0.94 (0.94–0.94)	0.92 (0.92–0.92)	0.94 (0.94–0.94)	2	0.95 (0.92–0.98)	0.88 (0.88–0.88)	0.94 (0.94–0.94)	0.88 (0.88–0.88)

AUC area-under-curves, C.I. confidence interval.

^aSpherical equivalent (SE) was performed using cycloplegic autorefraction.