Table 2.

Internal and external validation of the DLS in image models, clinical models and mixed models for 5-year axial length ≥26.5 mm prediction.

Model	Input Variables	Internal Validation (School 2 and 3)					External Validation (School 1)
		Threshold	AUC (C.I.)	Accuracy (C.I)	Sensitivity (C.I.)	Specificity (C.I.)	Threshold	AUC (C.I.)	Accuracy (C.I)	Sensitivity (C.I.)	Specificity (C.I.)
Image model	Fundus photo	0	0.67 (0.48–0.87)	0.94 (0.94–0.94)	0.38 (0.37–0.38)	0.95 (0.95–0.95)	0	0.57 (0.47–0.69)	0.84 (0.84–0.84)	0.25 (0.25–0.25)	0.90 (0.90–0.90)
	Fundus photo + Age + Race + Gender	0.03	0.86 (0.76–0.96)	0.77 (0.77–0.77)	0.63 (0.62–0.63)	0.77 (0.77–0.77)	0.03	0.64 (0.49–0.80)	0.69 (0.69–0.70)	0.63 (0.62–0.63)	0.70 (0.70–0.70)
Clinical model	Baseline ALa	0	0.83 (0.62–0.98)	0.84 (0.84–0.84)	0.75 (0.75–0.75)	0.84 (0.84–0.84)	0	0.91 (0.86–0.96)	0.67 (0.67–0.67)	1.00 (1.00–1.00)	0.64 (0.64–0.64)
	Baseline ALa + Age + Race + Gender	0.01	0.93 (0.89–0.97)	0.86 (0.86–0.86)	0.75 (0.75–0.75)	0.86 (0.86–0.86)	0.01	0.95 (0.92–0.98)	0.71 (0.71–0.72)	1.00 (1.00–1.00)	0.69 (0.69–0.69)
	Baseline ALa + Age + Race + Gender + 1-year AL* progression	0.04	0.95 (0.91–0.98)	0.88 (0.87–0.88)	0.88 (0.87–0.88)	0.88 (0.87–0.88)	0.04	0.94 (0.90–0.98)	0.74 (0.74–0.74)	0.94 (0.94–0.94)	0.72 (0.72–0.72)
Mixed model	Fundus photo + Baseline ALa	0.17	0.98 (0.95–1.00)	0.93 (0.93–0.93)	0.88 (0.87–0.88)	0.93 (0.93–0.94)	0.17	0.88 (0.83–0.93)	0.85 (0.85–0.85)	0.75 (0.75–0.75)	0.86 (0.85–0.86)
	Fundus photo + Baseline ALa + Age + Race + Gender	0.07	0.98 (0.96–1.00)	0.94 (0.94–0.94)	1.00 (1.00–1.00)	0.94 (0.94–0.94)	0.07	0.89 (0.83–0.94)	0.86 (0.86–0.86)	0.81 (0.81–0.81)	0.87 (0.87–0.87)
	Fundus photo + Baseline ALa + Age + Race + Gender + 1-year ALa progression	0.16	0.98 (0.96–1.00)	0.92 (0.92–0.92)	0.88 (0.87–0.88)	0.92 (0.92–0.92)	0.16	0.90 (0.84–0.94)	0.83 (0.82–0.83)	0.69 (0.69–0.69)	0.84 (0.84–0.84)

AUC area-under-curves, C.I. confidence interval.

^aAxial length (AL) was performed using contact ultrasound biometry.