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. 2023 Jan 26;14:420. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-35933-2

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — “Observed Consumer electronics” price data comes from ref. ⁸ and reflects the prices paid for cells used in consumer electronics between 1991 and 2010. “Observed BNEF” price data comes from ref. ¹⁹⁷ and reflects the average price paid for cells used in electric vehicles and stationary storage applications. “Experience curve” shows the battery price decline trend as deployments increase. The relationship is described by Wrights-law and shows that every time the cumulative volume of cells deployed doubles, prices fall by 25%. Prices have been converted to real 2021 US $.