Table 3.

Comparison of coronaviruses with regards to impact on end organ disease.

Differences SARS-CoV-2 with other coronaviruses	Similarities between SARS-CoV-2 with other coronaviruses
↑ Transmissibility and ↑ affinity to the ACE2 receptor compared to other coronaviruses (Coperchini et al., 2020).	↑ cytokine storm, severe pneumonia, septic shock and multiorgan damage similarly to SARS and MERS
↑ Viral replication compared to SARS (Huang et al., 2020).	Infects the airways
↑ Cytokine storm similarly to SARS	Impacts the brain similarly to MHV (De Albuquerque et al., 2006; Agostini et al., 2018; Caldera-Crespo et al., 2021; Paidas et al., 2021; Tian et al., 2021), HCoV-OC43 and HCoV-229E (Bonavia et al., 1997).
↑ Cytokine TH1 pro-inflammatory cytokines compared to SARS (Huang et al., 2020).	Infects the liver (Wang et al., 2020) similarly to MHV (De Albuquerque et al., 2006; Agostini et al., 2018; Caldera-Crespo et al., 2021; Paidas et al., 2021; Tian et al., 2021) and MERS (Zhao et al., 2015).
↓ Interferon response compared to SARS and MERS (Li et al., 2016)	Impacts the heart similarly to MHV (De Albuquerque et al., 2006; Agostini et al., 2018; Caldera-Crespo et al., 2021; Paidas et al., 2021; Tian et al., 2021).
Unlike MERS requires a TH17 type response (Yi et al., 2020)	Impacts the kidney (Jansen et al., 2022) similarly to MHV (De Albuquerque et al., 2006; Agostini et al., 2018; Caldera-Crespo et al., 2021; Paidas et al., 2021; Tian et al., 2021).
↓ Severe symptoms compared to SARS/MERS (Petersen et al., 2020).	↑ vascular injury and thrombosis (Siddiqi et al., 2021) similarly to MHV (De Albuquerque et al., 2006; Agostini et al., 2018; Caldera-Crespo et al., 2021; Paidas et al., 2021; Tian et al., 2021).
MERS is more cytopathic and causes greater immune system dysregulation compared to SARS-CoV-2 (de Wilde et al., 2013; Josset et al., 2013)

Abbreviations: ACE2, Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2; HCoV-229E, Human coronavirus 229E; HCoV-OC43; Human coronavirus OC43; HCoV-NL63; HKU-1, HCoV-HKU1 = human coronavirus HKU1; MERS-CoV, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirusl MHV, mouse hepatitis virus; SARS-CoV, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus; SARS-CoV-2, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; TH1, Type 1 T helper