Table 1.
Participant characteristics according to sugar intake.
| Characteristics | Categories of total sugar intake(g/day) | P-value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 | Level 4 | Level 5 | ||
| No. of participants | 3,202 | 3,202 | 3,200 | 3,203 | 3,202 | – |
| Depressive symptoms (%) | 8.32 | 6.11 | 6.73 | 7.92 | 9.21 | <0.001 |
| Age (years) | 49.02 ± 17.10 | 48.55 ± 17.83 | 49.14 ± 17.78 | 47.22 ± 17.60 | 45.71 ± 16.80 | <0.001 |
| Gender (male, %) | 39.39 | 41.69 | 44.38 | 51.79 | 62.24 | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 29.67 ± 6.99 | 29.21 ± 6.91 | 29.39 ± 6.96 | 29.12 ± 6.97 | 29.35 ± 7.37 | 0.351 |
| Total energy intake (kcal/day) | 1,505.93 ± 506.36 | 1,784.07 ± 536.18 | 1,997.32 ± 531.22 | 2,252.76 ± 579.35 | 2,710.69 ± 653.21 | <0.001 |
| Physical activity (MET-minutes/week) | 1,280 (232, 3,680) | 1,380 (200, 3,840) | 1,320 (180, 3,440) | 1,680 (280, 5,040) | 1,920 (360, 6,660) | <0.001 |
| Marital status (%) | ||||||
| Married/living with partner | 63.11 | 62.1 | 63.59 | 61.83 | 60.37 | 0.019 |
| Widowed/divorced/separated/Never-married | 34.57 | 34.87 | 33.3 | 34.66 | 35.92 | |
| Other | 2.33 | 3.03 | 3.1 | 3.51 | 3.71 | |
| Race (%) | ||||||
| Mexican American | 7 | 7.81 | 7.97 | 9.24 | 7.9 | <0.001 |
| Other Hispanic | 5.78 | 5.15 | 6.52 | 5.89 | 5.62 | |
| Non-Hispanic White | 67.54 | 67.57 | 67 | 66.54 | 69.55 | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 9.52 | 10.32 | 10.87 | 11.29 | 11.32 | |
| Other race | 10.17 | 9.15 | 7.64 | 7.04 | 5.62 | |
| Education level (%) | ||||||
| Below high school | 4.29 | 3.46 | 3.12 | 3.3 | 3.27 | 0.010 |
| High school | 93.4 | 93.53 | 93.8 | 93.18 | 93.01 | |
| Above high school | 2.31 | 3.01 | 3.09 | 3.51 | 3.71 | |
| Family income (%) | ||||||
| <$20,000 | 14.53 | 14.48 | 13.34 | 14.95 | 17.29 | <0.001 |
| $20,000–$74,999 | 48.66 | 48.84 | 48.01 | 51.18 | 52.29 | |
| ≥$75,000 | 36.81 | 36.69 | 38.65 | 33.87 | 30.42 | |
| Smoking status (%) | ||||||
| Yes | 43.66 | 40.82 | 38.74 | 40.42 | 46.12 | <0.001 |
| No | 56.34 | 59.18 | 61.26 | 59.58 | 53.88 | |
| Drinking status (%) | ||||||
| Yes | 54.38 | 56.47 | 56.94 | 57.98 | 60.18 | <0.001 |
| No | 14.62 | 17.83 | 17.59 | 17.57 | 16.52 | |
| Not recorded | 31 | 25.7 | 25.47 | 24.45 | 23.3 | |
| Hypertension (%) | ||||||
| Yes | 37.42 | 32.56 | 33.13 | 30.35 | 30.67 | <0.001 |
| No | 62.58 | 67.44 | 66.87 | 69.65 | 69.33 | |
| Diabetes (%) | ||||||
| Yes | 14.58 | 12.71 | 10.24 | 8.34 | 6.96 | <0.001 |
| No | 85.42 | 87.29 | 89.76 | 91.66 | 93.04 | |
BMI, body mass index; MET, metabolic equivalent of task.