TABLE 5.
Effect of increased protein intake and exogenous ketosis on hormonal parameters during a hypocaloric diet. Data are mean ± SEM. Subjects were involved in a 4-week hypocaloric diet (30% energy restriction, .8–1.0 g protein ∙ kg BW−1∙day−1) and received either placebo (PLA: n = 11), an increased amount of dietary protein (PROT: n = 9) or a ketone ester (KE: n = 11). Hormonal parameters were measured before (pretest) and at the end (posttest) of the caloric restriction period. Significant main effects are shown in bold and effect sizes are reported as eta squared (η2).
| PLA | PROT | KE | P (Group); η2 | P (Time); η2 | P (Group x Time); η2 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Leptin (ng∙ml−1) | ||||||
| Pretest | 4.1 ± .8 | 4.4 ± .8 | 3.2 ± .6 | .417; .18 | <.0001; .62 | .386; .06 |
| Posttest | 1.4 ± .2 | 2.2 ± .6 | 1.5 ± .4 | |||
| Ghrelin (pg∙ml−1) | ||||||
| Pretest | 686 ± 88 | 783 ± 113 | 854 ± 89 | .878; .02 | .140; .07 | .577; .04 |
| Posttest | 676 ± 123 | 642 ± 135 | 645 ± 152 | |||
| GDF15 (pg∙ml−1) | ||||||
| Pretest | 378 ± 43 | 428 ± 74 | 548 ± 54 | .043; .26 | .940; .00 | .864; .01 |
| Posttest | 402 ± 35 | 422 ± 86 | 520 ± 31 | |||
| Free T3 (pmol∙l−1) | ||||||
| Pretest | 4.4 ± .2 | 4.5 ± .2 | 4.7 ± .2 | .134; .31 | .002; .28 | .246; .09 |
| Posttest | 3.6 ± .3 | 4.0 ± .4 | 4.5 ± .3 | |||
| Free T4 (pmol∙l−1) | ||||||
| Pretest | 14.4 ± .5 | 14.7 ± .5 | 15.8 ± .7 | .040; .33 | .653; .01 | .527; .04 |
| Posttest | 13.6 ± .7 | 14.9 ± .9 | 15.9 ± .4 | |||
| TSH (mU∙l−1) | ||||||
| Pretest | 2.6 ± .3 | 2.4 ± .3 | 2.8 ± .3 | .893; .06 | .078; .10 | .857; .01 |
| Posttest | 2.9 ± .6 | 2.8 ± .5 | 3.0 ± .3 | |||