FIGURE 1.

Aging-related signaling pathways. Most pathways establishing the SASP phenotype appear to converge on activation of the NF-κB and FOXO pathways. Rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is also an important node in SASP regulation, and it is a key role in the aging process. Elimination of senescent cells reduces many pro-inflammatory factors, such as IL-6, IL-1α, and TNF-α. Autophagy is a major lysosomal degradation pathway, and CR activates autophagy and may act as an anti-aging agent by removing damaged proteins and organelles such as mitochondria.