TABLE 1.

Effect of caloric restriction on age-related epigenetic modifications.

Model	Biological tissue	Impact	References
Mice	Whole Tissue	Nts1 showed significantly higher expression levels within 1 month	Unnikrishnan et al. (2017)
Mice	Hippocampus	Regulating DNMT3a levels, preventing age-related increases in HDAC2, and improving brain function in mice during aging	Chouliaras et al., 2011; Chouliaras et al., 2013
Female mice	Liver	Attenuates age-related methylation changes in gene promoters associated with inflammation, diabetesetc.	Hahn et al. (2017)
Obese humans	_	Short-term CR intervention leads to DNA methylation changes in genes such as ATP10A, WT1, and TNF-a, reduces lipid metabolism gene expression, and delays aging	Hahn et al. (2017)
SAMP8 Mice	cerebrum	As H3K27me3 increases, aging phenomena accelerate and premature neurodegeneration develops	McCauley and Dang, (2014)
Normal diploid WI-38, MRC-5 and IMR-90 human fetal lung fibroblasts	_	Glucose restriction directly activates SIRT1, leading to chromatin remodeling of the p16INK4a gene promoter and decreased expression of this gene, and significantly prolonged cell life span	Pazin et al. (2011)
C. elegans	_	Increased H3K27 demethylase UTX-1 activity, increased expression of IIS signaling pathway genes and loss of H3K27me3	Jin et al. (2011)
Aged Mice	_		Acetylation of histone H3 Lys9 increased	Cao et al. (2018)
yeast	_	Nαt4 expression is significantly reduced, histone H4 N-terminal acetylation is lost, and yeast lifespan is extended	Molina-Serrano et al. (2016)
Mice	Serum	Elevated levels of numerous miRNAs	Dhahbi et al. (2013)
Mice	cerebrum	Increases in miR-181a-1*, miR-30e, and miR-34a were counterbalanced, resulting in increased expression of Bcl-2 and decreased apoptosis	Ayyadevara et al. (2013)
Aged Rats	Cerebral cortex	Increased miR-98–3p expression	Wood et al. (2015)