TABLE 3.
Predictors of experiencing any withdrawal symptoms in current smokers and ex-smokers.
| Variables | Current smokers | Ex-smokers | ||||||
| Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | P | Adjusted OR† (95% CI) | p | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | P | Adjusted OR* (95% CI) | p | |
| Age | 0.0190 | <0.0001 | 0.3175 | 0.0205 | ||||
| Age, 10 years | 1.05 (1.01–1.10) | 0.86 (0.82–0.91) | 0.94 (0.84–1.06) | 0.84 (0.72–0.97) | ||||
| Sex | 0.0853 | 0.6009 | 0.2483 | 0.3524 | ||||
| Women | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | ||||
| Men | 1.21 (0.97–1.49) | 1.06 (0.84–1.35) | 1.33 (0.82–2.15) | 1.31 (0.74–2.34) | ||||
| Residence | 0.7946 | 0.1895 | ||||||
| Urban | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | ||||||
| Rural | 0.99 (0.89–1.09) | 1.19 (0.92–1.55) | ||||||
| Education level | 0.5243 | 0.1939 | ||||||
| College or higher | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | ||||||
| Middle or high school | 0.99 (0.84–1.17) | 0.78 (0.52–1.17) | ||||||
| Primary school or less | 1.05 (0.89–1.25) | 0.99 (0.65–1.50) | ||||||
| Marital status | 0.0149 | 0.0237 | 0.6705 | |||||
| Married | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | |||||
| Single | 0.75 (0.62–0.92) | 0.78 (0.63–0.96) | 0.78 (0.37–1.64) | |||||
| Separated/Divorced/Widowed | 1.05 (0.88–1.24) | 1.01 (0.84–1.20) | 1.14 (0.72–1.82) | |||||
| Annual household income (RMB) | 0.3027 | 0.6125 | ||||||
| ≥50,000 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | ||||||
| 20,000–49,999 | 0.98 (0.87–1.11) | 1.05 (0.76–1.44) | ||||||
| <20,000 | 1.07 (0.95–1.21) | 1.18 (0.85–1.64) | ||||||
| Self-reported overall health status | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.0196 | 0.0764 | ||||
| Average | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | ||||
| Good | 0.71 (0.64–0.79) | 0.79 (0.70–0.89) | 0.74 (0.56–0.99) | 0.75 (0.53–1.05) | ||||
| Poor | 1.17 (0.97–1.43) | 1.07 (0.88–1.32) | 1.27 (0.82–1.98) | 1.37 (0.89–2.10) | ||||
| Smoking pack-years | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.0021 | 0.5338 | ||||
| Each 5 pack-years | 1.11 (1.10–1.13) | 1.07 (1.05–1.10) | 1.05 (1.02–1.08 | 1.01 (0.97–1.05) | ||||
| Age at starting smoking | <0.0001 | 0.0722 | 0.0153 | 0.3441 | ||||
| Each 10 years | 0.72 (0.66–0.78) | 0.91 (0.83–1.00) | 0.69 (0.50–0.93) | 0.85 (0.61–1.19) | ||||
| FTND | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||
| 0–3 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.63 (1.45–1.83) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | ||||
| 4–6 | 2.07 (1.86–2.29) | 2.47 (1.92–3.18) | 1.92 (1.45–2.54) | 1.78 (1.33–2.39) | ||||
| ≥7 | 4.35 (3.52–5.38) | 2.56 (1.59–4.11) | 2.22 (1.26–3.91) | |||||
| Failed attempts to quit or cut down | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||
| No | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | ||||
| Yes | 2.76 (2.48–3.06) | 2.45 (2.20–2.73) | 3.34 (2.54–4.41) | 3.17 (2.39–4.21) | ||||
Adjusted OR†: including age, sex, residence, education level, annual household income, self-reported overall health status, smoking pack-years, age at starting smoking, FTND, trying to quit or cut down but failing. Adjusted OR*: including age, sex, self-reported overall health status, smoking pack-years, age at starting smoking, FTND, failed attempts to quit or cut down.