. 2023 Jan 13;10:1060694. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1060694

Table 2.

Univariate Analyses of Variance (ANOVAs) of study variables by socio-demographic and knowledge, perceived risk and attitudes toward health protective actions.

Variable	Knowledge				Likelihood of serious events		Attitudes toward health
							protective actions
	Symptoms		Transmission
	Mean score (95% CI)	F -value	Mean score (95% CI)	F -value	Mean score (95% CI)	F -value	Mean score (95% CI)	F -value
Age group
16–30 years	9.46 (8.94–9.98)^a	0.10	2.47 (2.37–2.56)^a	0.15	27.97 (27.24–28.69)^a	6.16^***	35.43 (34.70–36.17)^a	3.08^**
31–40 years	9.36 (8.67–10.05)^a		2.47 (2.33–2.59)^a		27.91 (26.82–28.99)^ab		36.25 (35.16–37.35)^ab
41–50 years	9.42 (8.79–10.06)^a		2.51 (2.39–2.62)^a		30.59 (29.63–31.55)^c		35.92 (34.99–36.84)^ab
51–65 years	9.55 (8.73–10.26)^a		2.52 (2.38–2.66)^a		29.85 (28.69–31.00)^bcd		37.05 (36.12–37.98)^ab
65 years+	9.80 (8.43–11.17)^a		2.46 (2.21–2.72)^a		29.34 (27.16–31.52)^abcd		38.49 (36.77–40.21)^b
Gender
Male	9.08 (8.61–9.55)^a	3.55	2.52 (2.44–2.61)^a	1.09	28.52 (27.79–29.24)^a	2.08	35.79 (35.10–36.48)^a	2.34
Female	9.68 (9.28–10.09)^a		2.46 (2.39–2.54)^a		29.21 (28.61–29.80)^a		36.48 (35.92–37.03)^a
Education level
No formal qualifications	9.82 (8.97–10.67)^a	0.36	2.36 (2.20–2.52)^a	3.46^*	28.93 (27.64–30.22)^a	1.62	36.66 (35.39–37.92)^a	1.05
GCSE or equivalent	9.22 (8.44–9.99)^a		2.42 (2.27–2.56)^ab		27.89 (26.75–29.03)^a		35.44 (34.32–36.57)^a
A-Level or equivalent	9.48 (8.79–10.16)^a		2.47 (2.35–2.59)^ab		29.05 (28.23–29.87)^a		36.00 (35.10–36.91)^a
Degree/University	9.50 (9.05–9.94)^a		2.60 (2.52–2.68)^b		29.36 (28.62–30.10)^a		36.46 (35.79–37.12)^a
Ethnicity
Indian	8.80 (7.99–9.60)^a	2.73^*	2.59 (2.45–2.79)^a	0.50	28.62 (27.44–29.79)^ab	3.52^**	37.11 (35.99–38.23)^ab	3.04^*
Pakistani	9.39 (8.97–9.82)^ab		2.46 (2.38–2.55)^a		29.47 (28.80–30.13)^a		35.96 (35.31–36.61)^ab
Bangladeshi	10.09 (9.28–10.89)^ab		2.48 (2.35–2.62)^a		28.65 (27.59–29.72)^ab		37.19 (36.22–38.17)^a
Black African/Caribbean	9.46 (8.68–10.25)^ab		2.49 (2.35–2.63)^a		27.31 (26.04–28.59)^b		34.99 (33.89–36.10)^b
Mixed/Other	11.53 (9.41–13.64)^b		2.50 (2.14–2.86)^a		31.43 (29.53–33.33)^a		34.76 (32.23–37.29)^ab
Religious faith
Muslim	9.58 (9.21–9.95)^a	1.77	2.46 (2.39–2.53)^a	0.68	29.31 (28.76–29.86)^ac	9.02^***	36.12 (35.60–36.68)^a	1.16
Christian	9.53 (8.71–10.35)^a		2.53 (2.38–2.67)^a		26.57 (25.20–27.93)^b		35.55 (34.41–36.68)^a
Other (Sikh, Jews, Buddhist, Hindu, other)	8.75 (7.97–9.53)^a		2.54 (2.41–2.68)^a		29.74 (28.72–30.76)^bc		36.79 (35.70–37.88)^a
Employment
Paid employment	9.60 (9.22–9.99)^a	0.38	2.56 (2.49–2.62)^a	5.45^*	29.49 (28.91–30.07)^a	8.28^**	36.28 (35.74–36.83)^a	0.27
Other	9.40 (8.89–9.91)^a		2.42 (2.32–2.52)^b		28.09 (27.35–28.83)^b		36.04 (35.32–36.77)^a
Change in Employment
No change	9.51 (9.02–10.00)^a	1.66	2.60 (2.45–2.61)^a	1.00	29.25 (28.93–30.35)^a	0.40	36.43 (35.32–36.65)^a	0.61
Any change	10.04 (941–10.68)^a		2.53 (2.49–2.71)^a		29.64 (28.24–30.26)^a		35.99 (35.52–37.35)^a
Living status
Living alone	9.26 (8.22–10.32)^a	0.17	2.46 (2.26–2.66)^a	0.14	25.93 (24.12–27.74)^a	8.29^***	35.30 (33.83–36.76)^a	3.51^*
Living with immediate family	9.56 (9.21–9.90)^a		2.51 (2.44–2.57)^a		29.23 (28.72–29.74)^b		36.15 (35.66–36.64)^ab
Living with extended family	9.45 (8.55–10.34)^a		2.52 (2.37–2.68)^a		29.40 (28.13–30.68)^b		37.78 (36.57–39.00)^b
Chronic health conditions
Yes	9.19 (8.34–10.04)^a	1.54	2.48 (2.33–2.63)^a	1.16	30.49 (19.23–31.76)^a	7.87^**	37.17 (36.10–38.25)^a	3.31
No	9.72 (9.40–10.05)^a		2.56 (2.50–2.61^a		28.63 (18.13–29.12)^b		36.01 (35.54–36.49)^a
Live with someone with chronic health condition
Yes	9.44 (8.86–10.01)^a	0.36	2.58 (2.47–2.68)^a	0.68	29.53 (28.64–30.43)^a	0.81	37.05 (36.21–37.89) ^a	4.27^*
No	9.65 (9.27–10.04)^a		2.52 (2.46–2.59)^a		29.04 (28.48–29.61)^a		35.96 (35.41–36.51) ^b

Means sharing the same superscript letter are not significantly different from each other (p < 0.05), CI, confidence interval; ^*p < 0.05, ^**p < 0.01, ^***p < 0.001.