. 2023 Jan 13;10:1060694. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1060694

Table 4.

Univariate Analyses of Variance (ANOVAs) of study variables by socio-demographic and information seeking behaviour.

Variable	Social media		Social networks		Mainstream media		Healthcare professionals		Validation of sources
	Mean score (95% CI)	F -value	Mean score (95% CI)	F -value	Mean score (95% CI)	F -value	Mean score (95% CI)	F -value	Mean score (95% CI)	F -value
Age group
16–30 years	10.60 (10.06–11.13)^a	4.56^***	9.10 (9.35–10.13)^a	0.18	9.85 (9.37–10.33)^a	8.26^***	2.03 (1.90–2.15)^a	1.74	11.54 (11.22–11.85)^a	2.39
31–40 years	10.12 (9.35–10.89)^ab		9.52 (9.22–10.41)^a		11.05 (10.37–11.73)^b		2.22 (2.03–2.40)^a		11.83 (11.38–12.29)^a
41–50 years	9.86 (9.19–10.54)^ac		9.17 (9.04–10.12)^a		10.93 (10.34–11.53)^ab		1.92 (1.77–2.07)^a		11.3 (10.96–11.77)^a
51–65 years	9.21 (8.42–9.99)^bc		9.42 (9.20–10.49)^a		12.11 (11.33–12.89)^b		2.14 (1.95–2.33)^a		12.16 (11.75–12.57)^a
65 years+	7.82 (6.54–9.10)^c		8.52 (8.33–10.70)^a		12.39 (10.89–13.89)^b		2.02 (1.66–2.38)^a		11.13 (10.17–12.08)^a
Gender
Male	10.23 (9.73–10.75)^a	2.73	9.90 (9.52–10.28)^a	1.48	11.15 (10.67–11.63)^a	3.05	2.04 (1.92–2.16)^a	0.01	11.71 (11.42–12.00)^a	0.23
Female	9.69 (9.27–10.11)^a		9.59 (9.25–9.91)^a		10.60 (10.22–10.99)^a		2.03 (1.94–2.13)^a		11.62 (11.37–11.87)^a
Education level
No formal qualifications	7.87 (7.12–8.63)^a	11.81^***	9.70 (8.91–10.49)^a	0.69	10.25 (9.37–11.14)^a	1.69	1.95 (1.77–2.14)^abc	4.65^**	10.53 (10.00–11.05)^a	7.91^***
GCSE or equivalent	9.37 (8.64–10.11)^ab		9.38 (9.46–10.48)^a		10.50 (9.80–11.21)^a		1.92 (1.74–2.10)^ab		11.25 (10.81–11.68)^ab
A-Level or equivalent	10.00 (9.34–10.66)^bc		9.97 (9.46–10.48)^a		10.36 (9.78–10.94)^a		1.89 (1.74–2.04)^abc		11.76 (11,40–12.12)^b
Degree/University	10.83 (10.30–11.35)^c		9.74 (9.36–10.13)^a		11.07 (10.59–11.55)^a		2.21 (2.09–2.34)^c		11.95 (11,64–12.27)^b
Ethnicity
Indian	10.23 (9.29–11.17)^a	1.04	9.28 (8.82–10.22)^a	1.68	12.12 (11.21–13.02)^a	4.43^**	2.26 (2.04–2.48)^a	2.27	11.93 (11.44–12.43)^ab	2.34
Pakistani	9.89 (9.44–10.33)^a		9.31 (9.59–10.29)^a		10.38 (9.98–10.79)^b		2.04 (1.93–2.15)^a		11.40 (11.12–11.68)^ab
Bangladeshi	9.93 (9.14–10.73)^a		9.12 (8.96–10.23)^a		10.53 (9.85–11.22)^b		1.90 (1.73–2.07)^a		11.68 (11.21–12.14)^ab
Black African/Caribbean	9.99 (9.12–10.85)^a		9.60 (8.96–10.23)^a		11.38 (10.52–12.23)^ab		2.16 (1.29–2.28)^a		12.23 (11.82–12.79)^ab
Mixed/Other	8.15 (6.34–9.95)^a		8.19 (6.43–9.93)^a		11.82 (9.88–13.66)^ab		1.79 (1.97–2.13)^a		11.83 (10.86–12.79)^ab
Religious faith
Muslim	9.81 (9.44–10.19)^a	0.37	9.68 (9.38–9.98)^a	0.96	10.41 (10.07–10.75)^a	9.12^***	1.95 (1.86–2.03)^a	7.97^***	11.52 (11.30–11.75)^a	2.91
Christian	10.17 (9.26–11.07)^a		9.99 (9.38–10.61)^a		11.72 (10.83–12.61)^b		2.20 (1.98–2.42)^b		12.07 (11.63–12.51)^a
Other (Sikh, Jews, Buddhist, Hindu, other)	10.06 (9.18–10.94)^a		9.33 (8.63–10.04)^a		11.95 (11.11–12.78)^b		2.35 (2.12–2.57)^b		11.98 (11.50–12.45)^a
Employment
Paid employment	10.27 (9.85–10.69)^a	4.48^*	9.73 (9.59–10.24)^a	4.01^*	11.24 (10.87–11.62)^a	13.07^***	2.12 (2.02–2.22)^a	4.05^*	11.79 (11.55–12.03)^a	3.96^*
Other	9.54 (9.03–10.06)^b		8.31 (8.99–9.79)^b		10.10 (9.60–10.60)^b		1.96 (1.84–2.08)^b		11.39 (11.08–11.70)^b
Change in Employment
No change	10.41 (9.74–11.08)^a	0.66	9.41 (9.32–10.34)^a	0.01	11.17 (10.88–12.18)^a	0.82	2.35 (2.17–2.52)^a	13.93^***	11.92 (11.17–12.03)^a	1.62
Any change	10.05 (9.53–10.57)^a		10.04 (9.39–10.19)^a		11.53 (10.72–11.62)^a		1.97 (1.85–2.08)^b		11.60 (11.64–12.19)^a
Living status
Living alone	11.55 (10.35–12.76)^a	4.79^**	9.55 (8.71–10.39)^a	5.07^**	9.92 (8.82–11.03)^a	2.05	2.13 (1.86–2.39)^a	0.61	11.80 (11.16–12.44)^a	0.92
Living with immediate family	9.78 (9.42–10.13)^b		9.62 (9.33–9.89)^a		10.96 (10.63–11.30)^a		2.05 (1.96–2.13)^a		11.67 (11.47–11.88)^a
Living with extended family	10.07 (9.00–11.14)^ab		10.93 (10.13–11.74)^b		10.57 (9.75–11.39)^a		2.17 (1.96–2.34)^a		11.28 (10.63–11.92)^a
Chronic health conditions
Yes	9.04 (8.15–9.93)^a	4.81^*	9.79 (9.10–10.48)^a	0.08	11.77 (10.96–12.58)^a	6.21^**	2.17 (1.96–2.38)^a	1.71	11.41 (10.88–11.95)^a	1.11
No	10.07 (9.72–10.41)^b		9.67 (9.42–9.95)^a		10.66 (10.34–10.98)^b		2.02 (1.94–2.10)^a		11.70 (11.50–11.90)^a
Live with someone with chronic health condition
Yes	8.90 (8.32–9.47)^a	9.88^***	9.52 (8.98–10.06)^a	0.65	10.45 (9.89–11.01)^a	3.06	2.08 (1.94–2.22)^a	0.57	11.56 (11.15–11.96)^a	0.08
No	10.07 (9.67–10.48)^b		9.76 (9.46–10.07)^a		11.08 (10.69–11.46)^a		2.01 (1.91–2.11)^a		11.63 (11.40–11.86)^a

Means sharing the same superscript letter are not significantly different from each other (p < 0.05), CI, confidence interval; ^*p < 0.05, ^**p < 0.01, ^***p < 0.001.