Table 8.

Effect of organic amendments on remediation of chromium stress in different plant species.

Plant species	Soil type	Organic amendment	Applied dose	Cr effect	References
Maize	Heavy metal contaminated soil	Cow manure dust, poultry manure dust, vermicompost, barnyard grass dust	5 g kg-1	Immobilization from plant-originated organic material and phytoextraction from animal excreta helps to clean up heavy metal-contaminated dirt.	Naser et al. (2017)
	Sandy loam	Biosolid compost (sawdust and sewage sludge)	100 Mg ha-1	Solubility and mobility of Cr reduced with the application of biosolid compost.	Branzini and Zubillaga (2012)
Radish	Contaminated soil	Vermicompost, leaf compost, spent mushroom compost		Amendment of polluted soil with organic fertilizer negatively impacts Pb, Mn, Cr, and Cd availability, uptake, and translocation to radish.	Alam et al. (2020)
Fescue (Festuca arundiacea)	Silt loam	Composted cow manure	10% (by volume)	Organic amendment contaminates the soil from mobile Cr(VI) to immobile Cr(III).	Banks et al. (2006)
Chinese mustard	Fine sandy loam	Biosolid compost, fish manure, poultry manure and spent mushroom	100 g kg-1	Plant absorption of Cr solubility reduced with incorporation of organic amendment.	Bolan et al. (2003)
Lemon balm and begonia	Silt loam	Compost of cattle ruminal content and Sphagnum-moss peat	250-2000 mg kg-1	Supplication of organic amendment reduced the deposition of Cr in roots and shoots of plants and phytotoxic symptoms.	Rendina et al. (2011)
	Silt loam	Farmyard manure (FYM) and poultry manure	10% w/w	In polluted site, FYM diminished the incidence of metal toxicities.	Khan et al. (2012)
Dwarf beans	Technosol contaminated soil	Fresh ramial chipped wood and composted sewage sludge		Organic amendment minimized the heavy metal in contaminated soil.	Hattab et al. (2015)
Sunflower	Cr contaminated soil	Poultry manure and vermicompost	10 t ha-1 and 5 t ha-1	Incorporation of PM and VC reduced Cr(VI) to Cr(III), improved fertility and physical properties of Cr contaminated soil.	Sunitha and Mahimairaja (2014)
Cow pea (Vigna unguiculata)	Sandy soil	Composted tannery sludge	10 and 20 Mg ha-1	The level of Cr stabilizes in soil with the addition of organic matter.	Oliveira et al. (2015)
Barley and Maize	Fine sand	Compost	2% w/w	Application of compost converts the Cr(VI) to Cr(III) less toxic form.	Radziemska et al. (2019)
Rice		Farmyard manure and vermicompost	10 t ha-1 and 5 t ha-1	Application of FYM and VC attenuated the toxicity of Cr and prominently increased the growth, yield attributes and rice yield.	Koka et al. (2019)
	Heavy metal contaminated soil	Cow manure, sheep manure, sewage sludge, solid waste compost and biosolid compost		Organic and inorganic amendment reduced the toxicity of metals in soil and plants.	Gul et al. (2015)
Physic nut	Black cotton calcareous soil	Bio-sludge and bio-fertilizer		Major drop in metal assimilation by plant, when handled with bio-sludge and bio-fertilizer, which is linked to the retention of heavy metal(loid)s in soil	Juwarkar et al. (2008)
	Clay	Cattle dung compost, sugarcane dregs compost, rice bran and soybean meal	0.1% and 2% w/w	The increased decrease of Cr due to greater DOC and quickly degraded materials was linked to the organic amendment diminishing resin extractable Cr(VI) in soil.	Chiu et al. (2009)
Spinach		Poultry litter	3% and 5% w/w	Poultry litter potentially reduced the bioavailability of Cr in soil, significantly increased the chlorophyll contents of spinach.	Sehrish et al. (2019)
Maize		Mexican sunflower compost and cassava waste compost	0, 20 and 40 t ha-1	The concentration of heavy metal such as Cd, Cr, Zn, Cu, and Pb reduced with compost treatment at 40 t ha-1 dose.	Adejumo et al. (2011)
Potato (Solanum tuberosum)	Metal contaminated soil	Peat compost, vermicompost	10% w/w	Organic amendment increased starch yield, absolute dry substance, quantity and decreased reducing sugar in potatoes.	Angelova et al. (2010)
		Compost		Compost and microbial activity help to transform from Cr(VI) to Cr(III) form.	Shukla et al. (2009)
	Metal contaminated soil	Manure, compost, biosolid and municipal solid waste		Organic amendment enhanced bioremediation of metalloids and reduced the bioavailability of metals.	Park et al. (2011)