Table 1.
Maternal characteristics, lipid profiles and glucose metabolism and insulin indices in the first and second trimesters in women with and without gestational diabetes mellitus.
| Characteristics | GDM N=233 | Non-GDM N=1001 | Z or χ2 value | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal age, years | 33.30 ± 4.60 | 31.14 ± 4.12 | 6.581 | < 0.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 21.94 ± 3.05 | 20.99 ± 2.71 | 4.339 | < 0.001 |
| Conception by IVF, n (%) | 60 (25.8) | 161 (16.1) | 12.014 | 0.001 |
| Smoking, n (%) | 2 (0.9) | 10 (1.0) | 0.039 | 1.000 |
| Family history of diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 22 (9.4) | 44 (4.4) | 9.508 | 0.002 |
| Multiparous, n (%) | 89 (38.2) | 323 (32.3) | 2.988 | 0.084 |
| Blood tests in the first trimester | ||||
| TC, mmol/L | 5.11 ± 0.97 | 4.94 ± 0.79 | 2.466 | 0.014 |
| TG, mmol/L | 1.47 ± 0.56 | 1.33 ± 0.53 | 4.015 | < 0.001 |
| HDL-c, mmol/L | 1.78 ± 0.32 | 1.79 ± 0.33 | -0.076 | 0.939 |
| LDL-c, mmol/L | 2.88 ± 0.68 | 2.75 ± 0.55 | 2.876 | 0.004 |
| HbAlc, % | 5.25 ± 0.34 | 5.11 ± 0.29 | 5.670 | < 0.001 |
| FPG, mmol/L | 4.42 ± 0.37 | 4.32 ± 0.33 | 4.168 | < 0.001 |
| FINS, μU/mL | 7.53 ± 3.67 | 6.56 ± 3.39 | 4.174 | < 0.001 |
| HOMA-IR | 1.50 ± 0.80 | 1.27 ± 0.69 | 4.483 | < 0.001 |
| QUICKI | 0.37 ± 0.03 | 0.38 ± 0.03 | -4.483 | < 0.001 |
| Blood tests in the second trimester | ||||
| TC, mmol/L | 6.35 ± 1.20 | 6.33 ± 1.06 | 0.270 | 0.788 |
| TG, mmol/L | 2.22 ± 0.79 | 2.12 ± 0.85 | 2.517 | 0.012 |
| HDL-c, mmol/L | 2.06 ± 0.42 | 2.08 ± 0.36 | -0.869 | 0.385 |
| LDL-c, mmol/L | 3.64 ± 0.95 | 3.59 ± 0.74 | 0.566 | 0.571 |
| HbAlc, % | 5.05 ± 0.35 | 4.84 ± 0.30 | 8.152 | < 0.001 |
| FINS, μU/mL | 9.42 ± 4.70 | 8.11 ± 3.77 | 4.488 | < 0.001 |
| HOMA-IR | 1.95 ± 1.10 | 1.55 ± 0.77 | 5.851 | < 0.001 |
| QUICKI | 0.35 ± 0.03 | 0.37 ± 0.03 | -5.851 | < 0.001 |
| Oral glucose test result | ||||
| 0h, mmol/L | 4.56 ± 0.45 | 4.25 ± 0.30 | 9.740 | < 0.001 |
| 1h, mmol/L | 10.02 ± 1.39 | 7.43 ± 1.33 | 19.702 | < 0.001 |
| 2h, mmol/L | 8.80 ± 1.14 | 6.40 ± 1.04 | 20.930 | < 0.001 |
BMI, body mass index; IVF, in vitro fertilization; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; HDL-c, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-c, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; FINS, fasting insulin; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; QUICKI, quantitative insulin sensitivity check index.