Table 1.

Causal associations between MS and COVID‐19

Exposure	Outcome	b (se)	OR [95%CI]	N_IV	Egger_intercept	P_pleiotropy	p	FDR
MS	SARS‐CoV‐2 infection	0.026 (0.012)	1.03 [1.00−1.05]	82	0.003	0.073	0.038	0.051
MS	Hospitalized COVID‐19	0.090 (0.031)	1.09 [1.03−1.16]	83	−0.000	0.922	3.45E‐03	0.014
SARS‐CoV‐2 infection	MS	0.165 (0.244)	1.18 [0.73−1.90]	21	0.023	0.387	0.500	0.500
Hospitalized COVID‐19	MS	0.143 (0.062)	1.15 [1.02−1.30]	36	0.022	0.083	0.022	0.044

Abbreviations: b, effect size; CI, confidence interval; MS, multiple sclerosis; N_IV, number of instrumental variables; OR, odds ratio; se, standard error.