Table 1. Participant Characteristics.
| Characteristic | Participantsa | P valueb | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Case (n = 109) | Control (n = 110) | ||
| Age group at enrollment, yc | |||
| 8-12 | 55 (50.5) | 57 (51.8) | .98 |
| 13-17 | 19 (17.4) | 19 (17.3) | |
| ≥18 | 35 (32.1) | 34 (30.9) | |
| Sexc | |||
| Female | 54 (49.5) | 45 (40.9) | .22 |
| Male | 55 (50.5) | 65 (59.1) | |
| CHD diagnosisc | |||
| Biventricle without arch obstruction | 62 (56.9) | 61 (55.5) | .61 |
| Biventricle with arch obstruction | 9 (8.3) | 6 (5.5) | |
| Single ventricle without arch obstruction | 18 (16.5) | 25 (22.7) | |
| Single ventricle with arch obstruction | 20 (18.3) | 18 (16.4) | |
| Fyler codec | |||
| Tetralogy of Fallot | 17 (15.6) | 11 (10.0) | NA |
| Double outlet right ventricle | 5 (4.6) | 10 (9.1) | |
| Atrial septal defect–secundum | 22 (20.2) | 29 (26.4) | |
| Hypoplastic left heart syndrome | 8 (7.3) | 5 (4.5) | |
| Coarctation of the aorta | 11 (10.1) | 9 (8.2) | |
| D-transposition of the great arteries | 7 (6.4) | 13 (11.8) | |
| Isolated ventricular septal defect | 31 (28.4) | 26 (23.6) | |
| Atrioventricular canal | 6 (5.5) | 12 (10.9) | |
| Heterotaxy findings | 10 (9.2) | 17 (15.5) | |
| Race, No./total No. (%)d,e | |||
| Asian | 0 | 3/95 (3.2) | .41 |
| Black or African American | 1/95 (1.1) | 1/95 (1.1) | |
| White | 91/95 (95.8) | 88/95 (92.6) | |
| >1 Race | 3/95 (3.2) | 3/95 (3.2) | |
| Ethnicity, No./total No. (%)d,e | |||
| Hispanic/Latino | 11/95 (11.6) | 9/95 (9.5) | .81 |
| Not Hispanic/Latino | 84/95 (88.4) | 86/95 (90.5) | |
| Mother’s highest educational levelc | |||
| High school or less or other | 14 (12.8) | 17 (15.5) | .37 |
| College or some college | 60 (55.0) | 67 (60.9) | |
| Postgraduate degree | 35 (32.1) | 26 (23.6) | |
| Birth weightc | |||
| Participants, No. | 106 | 104 | NA |
| Range, kg | 1.2-4.7 | 1.2-4.4 | .24 |
| Median (IQR), kg | 3.1 (2.8-3.5) | 3.3 (2.9-3.6) | |
| Gestational agec | |||
| Participants, No. | 106 | 100 | NA |
| Range, wk | 29.0-42.0 | 27.7-43.1 | .87 |
| Median (IQR), wk | 39.0 (37.6-40.0) | 39.0 (38.0-40.0) | |
| Total cardiac catheterizations, No.c | |||
| Participants | 108 | 107 | NA |
| Range | 0.0-30.0 | 0.0-16.0 | .94 |
| Median (IQR) | 2.0 (0.0-4.0) | 2.0 (0.0-4.0) | |
| Total cardiac surgeries, No.c | |||
| Participants | 109 | 110 | NA |
| Range | 0.0-8.0 | 0.0-11.0 | .73 |
| Median (IQR) | 2.0 (1.0-3.0) | 3.0 (1.0-3.0) | |
| Total open cardiac surgeries, No.d | |||
| Participants | 97 | 98 | NA |
| Range | 0.0-6.0 | 0.0-6. | .75 |
| Median (IQR) | 2.0 (1.0-3.0) | 2.0 (1.0-3.0) | |
| Age at first cardiac surgeryd,f | |||
| Participants, No. | 84 | 86 | NA |
| Range, d | 0 to 12 530 | −6 to 9416 | .46 |
| Median (IQR), d | 58.0 (0.0-946.0) | 14.5 (0.0-694.0) | |
| Age >30 d at first cardiac surgery, No./total No. (%)d | |||
| No | 39/84 (46.4) | 47/86 (54.7) | .36 |
| Yes | 45/84 (53.6) | 39/86 (45.3) | |
| Ever received ECMOc | |||
| No | 106 (97.2) | 106 (96.4) | .68 |
| Yes | 2 (1.8) | 4 (3.6) | |
| Unknown | 1 (0.9) | 0 | |
| Seizures complication, No./total No. (%)d | |||
| No | 96/97 (99.0) | 97/98 (99.0) | >.99 |
| Yes | 1/97 (1.0) | 1/98 (1.0) | |
| No stroke complication, No./total No. (%)d | 97/97 (100) | 98/98 (100) | NA |
| In-hospital cardiac arrestd | |||
| No | 95 (87.2) | 91 (82.7) | .28 |
| Yes | 2 (1.8) | 6 (5.5) | |
| Unknown | 13 (11.8) | 1 (0.9) | |
| Out-of-hospital cardiac arrestd | |||
| No | 95 (87.2) | 97 (88.2) | .50 |
| Yes | 2 (1.8) | 0 | |
| Unknown | 12 (11.0) | 13 (11.8) | |
| MRI manufacturer, No./total No. (%)d | |||
| GE medical systems | 3 (2.8) | 1 (0.9) | NA |
| Siemens | 44 (40.4) | 46 (41.8) | |
| No MRI | 62 (56.9) | 63 (57.3) | |
Abbreviations: CHD, congenital heart disease; ECMO, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; GE, General Electric; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; NA, not applicable.
Data are presented as the number (percentage) of participants unless otherwise indicated.
The Wilcoxon rank sum test was used for continuous variables and the Fisher exact test for categorical variables (the “unknown,” “don’t know or refused,” and “other, don’t know or refused” categories were excluded for the test).
Variable data were available in both the Pediatric Cardiac Genomics Consortium and Pediatric Heart Network Single Ventricle Reconstruction cohorts.
Variable data were available in the Pediatric Cardiac Genomics Consortium cohort only.
Race and ethnicity were assessed by self-report and were included in the analysis because race and ethnicity have been associated with differences in outcomes among patients with CHD.
Negative values reflect prenatal intervention.