Table 1.
Weighted percentages of home blood pressure monitoring (HBPM) among US adults by demographic and health characteristics, NHANES 2011–2014
| n | Frequency of home blood pressure monitoring | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||
| None | Less than once a month | Monthly | Weekly | ||
|
| |||||
| Percent (95% confidence interval) | |||||
|
| |||||
| Total | 10,958 | 75.3 (73.8–76.8) | 8.0 (7.0–9.0) | 7.2 (6.2–8.2) | 9.5 (8.7–10.3) |
| Sex | |||||
| Male | 5,413 | 76.0 (74.2–78.0) | 8.1 (7.0–9.1) | 7.2 (5.9–8.4) | 8.8 (7.8–9.7) |
| Female | 5,545 | 74.6 (72.9–76.3) | 7.9 (6.5–9.2) | 7.3 (6.1–8.5) | 10.2 (9.1–11.3) |
| Age group (years)*** | |||||
| 18–39 | 4,108 | 87.4 (85.9–88.9) | 6.0 (4.9–7.1) | 3.2 (2.4–4.1) | 3.4 (2.7–4.1) |
| 40–59 | 3,514 | 76.6 (74.3–78.9) | 7.9 (6.6–9.2) | 7.5 (6.0–9.1) | 7.9 (6.9–9.0) |
| 60–79 | 2,720 | 57.2 (53.9–60.5) | 11.5 (8.8–14.1) | 12.3 (10.0–14.7) | 19.0 (16.8–21.2) |
| 80 or more | 616 | 48.9 (44.9–52.9) | 7.5 (4.6–10.3) | 14.1 (11.3–16.9) | 29.5 (26.7–32.3) |
| Race/ethnicity* (age adjusted)a | |||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 4,304 | 76.1 (74.3–77.8) | 8.2 (7.0–9.6) | 7.1 (6.0–8.5) | 8.6 (7.8–9.5) |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 2,588 | 75.3 (72.3–78.1) | 8.0 (6.1–10.2) | 5.8 (4.6–7.3) | 13.2 (12.1–14.3) |
| Hispanic | 2,370 | 81.4 (78.7–84.0) | 5.6 (4.5–6.9) | 5.5 (4.5–6.8) | 7.4 (5.9–9.3) |
| Non-Hispanic Asian | 1,367 | 75.3 (72.3–78.1) | 8.0 (6.1–10.2) | 5.8 (4.6–7.3) | 11.0 (9.3–12.8) |
| Income-to-poverty ratio* | |||||
| <1.30 | 3,620 | 79.2 (76.8–81.5) | 5.7 (4.6–6.9) | 5.5 (4.2–6.7) | 9.6 (8.0–11.2) |
| 1.30–3.49 | 3,442 | 72.1 (69.6–74.6) | 8.9 (7.3–10.5) | 8.5 (6.5–10.4) | 10.5 (9.2–11.9) |
| ≥3.50 | 3,025 | 75.6 (73.6–77.6) | 9.1 (7.7–10.5) | 7.3 (5.9–8.7) | 8.0 (6.9–9.1) |
| Health insurance* | |||||
| Yes | 8,486 | 73.1 (71.4–74.7) | 8.5 (7.4–9.7) | 7.7 (6.5–9.0) | 10.7 (9.8–11.6) |
| No | 2,457 | 84.9 (83.0–86.8) | 5.6 (4.4–6.8) | 5.1 (3.8–6.3) | 4.4 (3.6–5.3) |
| Health care visits past year*** | |||||
| None | 1,774 | 86.5 (83.9–89.0) | 7.6 (5.8–9.4) | 3.5 (2.3–4.7) | 2.4 (1.6–3.2) |
| 1 –3 | 7,757 | 75.0 (73.5–76.6) | 8.2 (7.2–9.2) | 7.5 (6.4–8.6) | 9.3 (8.2–10.3) |
| ≥ 4 | 1,421 | 63.7 (59.6–67.8) | 6.9 (4.6–9.2) | 10.2 (7.5–12.9) | 19.2 (16.0–22.4) |
| Body mass index (BMI)*** | |||||
| Normal | 3,525 | 81.2 (79.0–83.5) | 7.1 (5.4–8.8) | 5.1 (3.8–6.4) | 6.5 (5.3–7.8) |
| Overweight | 3,422 | 75.3 (73.0–77.7) | 7.2 (5.8–8.6) | 8.2 (6.7–9.8) | 9.2 (8.1–10.4) |
| Obese | 3,879 | 70.5 (67.9–73.1) | 9.4 (8.1–10.7) | 8.1 (6.5–9.7) | 12.0 (10.9–13.1) |
| Diagnosed diabetes* | |||||
| Yes | 1,333 | 55.0 (51.3–58.6) | 9.4 (6.2–12.5) | 12.5 (9.3–15.7) | 23.2 (20.8–25.6) |
| No | 9,619 | 77.4 (75.9–78.9) | 7.8 (6.8–8.8) | 6.7 (5.7–7.7) | 8.1 (7.3–8.9) |
| Hypertensive* | |||||
| Yes | 3,785 | 51.0 (48.4–53.6) | 10.3 (8.6–12.1) | 14.3 (12.6–16.1) | 24.4 (22.9–25.8) |
| No | 7,173 | 86.4 (85.3–87.5) | 6.9 (6.0–7.7) | 4.0 (3.2–4.8) | 2.8 (2.2–3.3) |
| Aware among hypertensive adults* | |||||
| Yes | 3,165 | 45.9 (43.0–48.9) | 10.5 (8.6–12.4) | 15.5 (13.3–17.8) | 28.0 (26.2–29.7) |
| No | 618 | 76.6 (73.1–80.2) | 9.3 (6.3–12.4) | 8.1 (5.3–10.9) | 5.9 (3.9–7.9) |
| Treated among hypertensive adults* | |||||
| Yes | 2,856 | 43.7 (40.9–46.4) | 10.5 (8.7–12.4) | 16.3 (13.9–18.8) | 29.5 (27.4–31.5) |
| No | 927 | 73.1 (69.2–77.0) | 9.8 (6.4–13.3) | 8.2 (5.8–10.6) | 8.9 (7.1–10.8) |
| Controlled among hypertensive adults* | |||||
| Yes | 1,914 | 44.5 (40.5–48.4) | 11.1 (8.5–13.7) | 16.3 (13.4–19.3) | 28.1 (25.6–30.7) |
| No | 1,871 | 58.3 (55.6–61.1) | 9.5 (7.2–11.8) | 12.0 (10.2–13.9) | 20.1 (17.9–22.3) |
| Told to take HBPM among hypertensive adults* | |||||
| Told | 1,283 | 17.5 (14.8–20.2) | 10.9 (8.4–13.5) | 20.8 (17.5–24.1) | 50.8 (46.7–54.9) |
| Not told | 2,499 | 68.6 (65.4–71.9) | 10.1 (7.9–12.2) | 10.9 (9.3–12.6) | 10.4 (8.9–11.9) |
Frequency: none; 1–11 times in the past 12 months was considered less than once a month; 12–51 times in the past year was considered monthly; and ≥52 times in the past year was considered weekly or more frequent. Hypertension was defined as measured systolic blood pressure ≥140 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mm Hg or reported currently taking prescribed medications for high blood pressure. Underweight participants are part of the “normal” weight category for body mass index.
P < 0.05, Rao–Scott chi-square test.
P < 0.05, linear trend using Cochran–Mantel–Haenszel test for trend.
Estimates are age-adjusted by the direct method to the 2000 U.S. census projected population using age groups 18–39, 40–59, 60–79, and 80 and over.