Table 2.
Characteristics of included studies (n = 18)
| Reference | Year | Country | Musculoskeletal population | Study type | Sample size | Age (years) | Female [n (%)] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [33] | 2014 | The Netherlands | Broad musculoskeletal (JIA, FM, RA, SpA and SLE) | Feasibility study | 19 | 21.54 (range 17–25) | 16 (84.2) |
| [34]a | 2021 | Norway and Sweden | SpA | RCT (secondary analysis) | 100 | 46.2 (range 23–69) | 53 (53) |
| [35]a | 2020 | Sweden | SpA | Qualitative analysis following RCT | 14 | 53 (range 24–63) | 5 (35.7) |
| [36] | 2014 | Italy | PsA | Observational cohort study | 30 | 50.8 (s.d. 9.5) | 12 (40) |
| [37] | 2009 | The Netherlands | RA | Observational study as long-term follow-up of RCT | 71 | 56 (IQR 15) | 61 (86) |
| [38]a | 2004 | UK | RA | Follow-up of cross-over trial | 127 | Not reported | 97 (76.4) |
| [39]a | 1999 | UK | RA | Single-blind cross-over trial | 35 | 55.17 (range 33–69) | 29 (82.9) |
| [40]a | 1999 | UK | RA | Repeated measures, cohort design | 21 | 48.95 (range 22–70) | 17 (81) |
| [41] | 2007 | France | RA | RCT | 208 | 54.7 (s.d. 13.1) | 185 (88.9) |
| [42] | 2017 | USA | OA or RA | Qualitative analysis following pilot study | 30 | 50 (range 32–69) | 28 (93) |
| [43] | 2001 | Canada | RA | Pre–post experimental design | 10 | 54 (s.d. 10) | 10 (100) |
| [44]a | 2017 | UK | RA | Qualitative analysis following RCT | 14 | 61.4 (range 44–82) | 9 (64.3) |
| [45] | 2013 | Switzerland | SpA | RCT | 106 | 48.85 (s.d. 12.16) | 38 (35.8) |
| [46] | 2015 | Sweden | RA | Observational cohort study | 220 | 59 (s.d. 8.8.) | 178 (81) |
| [47] | 2020 | China | SpA | Cross-sectional study | 259 | 33 (s.d. 17) | 69 (26.6) |
| [48] | 2022 | USA | RA | Pilot RCT | 50 | 56.1 (s.d. 11) | 46 (92) |
| [49] | 2017 | New Zealand | RA | Assessor‐blinded, two‐arm pilot RCT | 26 | 54 (range 29–73) | 25 (96) |
| [50]a | 2017 | UK | RA | RCT, follow-up | 328 | 63.6 (s.d. 10.9) | 248 (75.6) |
a
Same research group/study but difference in samples and reporting.
IQR: interquartile range; RCT: randomized controlled trial; SpA: spondyloarthritis (axial or ankloysing).