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. 2023 Jan 3;91(1):245–261. doi: 10.3233/JAD-220764

Fig. 2.

Fig. 2

Anatomical pathways of monocyte/macrophage (MM) migration in the frontal lobe of the PUFA-supplemented MCI patient with cerebrovascular amyloid angiopathy (A to C). MM migration in a blood-brain barrier (BBB) model (D). A) CD-68-positive macrophages (green) invade Aβ (red) plaques (immunofluorescence microscopy of the CAA brain; Olympus BX60 microscope, 20x). B) macrophages invade and asynchronously clear Aβ plaques - Aβ content in macrophages ranges from 720 to 3,140 px; residual Aβ plaque areas range from 262 to 11,584 px (Immunohistochemistry of the frontal lobe of an AD patient using anti-CD68 (brown) and anti-Aβ (red)). C) a) Empty (no Aβ, CD68 (green)) macrophages emigrate from a vessel and b) release Aβ (red) into a congophilic vessel (yellow) (Olympus BX60 microscope, 100x). D) BBB model: MM without Aβ migrate freely through tall brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMVEC) cells, whereas macrophages loaded with Aβ adhere to BMVEC: a) the BBB model (BMVEC on top and astrocytes on bottom of a terephthalate membrane separating upper chamber (blood) from the lower chamber (brain)); b) Transmission electron microscopy: MM stuck on the endothelial cells when loaded with Aβ (left) and passing through freely without Aβ (right); c) Immunohistochemical staining of a CD-68-positive monocyte/macrophages (purple) stuck on the outside of the vascular wall. E) Scheme of macrophage migration pathways for Aβ clearance in the AD brain. Illustration created with Biorender.com.