Table 4.
Comparison of cognitive and behavioral features among the three groups of participants: HCs, AD patients with the CM-phenotype (CM-AD), and AD patients with the CA-phenotype (CA-ADs). (Statistically significant comparisons are in bold)
| HC | CM | CA | |||||||||||||
| report | NPE | TOT | TOT | report | NPE | TOT | TOT | report | NPE | TOT | TOT | HC-CM | HC-CA | CM-CA | |
| n | n | N | % | n | n | N | % | n | n | N | % | p | p | p | |
| Recent memory deficits | 23 | 0 | 23 | 57.5 | 16 | 9 | 16 | 94.1 | 28 | 7 | 28 | 93.3 | p < 0.01 | p = 0.002 | p = 1.000* |
| Temporal disorientation | 0 | 4 | 4 | 10 | 6 | 15 | 15 | 88.2 | 2 | 16 | 16 | 53.3 | p < 0.0001 | p < 0.0001 | p < 0.02 |
| Confabulation | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 10 | 15 | 88.2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | p < 0.001* | nv | p < 0.001* |
| Executive functions deficits | 6 | 1 | 6 | 15 | 11 | 11 | 15 | 88.2 | 11 | 21 | 21 | 70.0 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p = 0.156 |
| Attention deficits | 4 | 0 | 4 | 10 | 9 | 8 | 14 | 82.3 | 17 | 8 | 17 | 56.7 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.0001 | p = 0.074 |
| Reduced Insight | 1 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 8 | 12 | 13 | 76.5 | 6 | 12 | 13 | 43.3 | p < 0.001* | p < 0.001 | p = 0.028 |
| Past memory deficits | 2 | 0 | 2 | 5 | 3 | 11 | 11 | 64.7 | 7 | 11 | 13 | 43.3 | p < 0.001* | p < 0.001 | p = 0.159 |
| Psychomotor slowness | – | 4 | 4 | 10 | 0 | 10 | 10 | 58.8 | 0 | 18 | 18 | 60.0 | p < 0.0001 | p < 0.0001 | p = 0.937 |
| Topographical disorientation | 2 | 0 | 2 | 5 | 7 | 0 | 7 | 41.2 | 7 | 0 | 7 | 23.3 | p < 0.01 | p < 0.05 | p = 0.199 |
| Delusion( not-misidentification) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 7 | 41.2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 3.3 | p < 0.0001 | p = 0.429* | p = 0.002* |
| Apathy | 2 | 0 | 2 | 5 | 7 | 1 | 7 | 41.2 | 6 | 0 | 6 | 20.0 | p < 0.005 | p = 0.066* | p = 0.176* |
| Language deficits | 13 | 2 | 14 | 35 | 4 | 4 | 6 | 35.3 | 13 | 0 | 13 | 43.3 | p = 0.983 | p = 0.478 | p = 0.589 |
| Aggression | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2.5 | 6 | 0 | 6 | 35.3 | 4 | 0 | 4 | 13.3 | p < 0.005 | p = 0.157* | p = 0.136* |
| Anxiety | 12 | 0 | 12 | 30 | 6 | 0 | 6 | 35.3 | 10 | 0 | 10 | 33.3 | p = 0.694 | p = 0.766 | p = 0.862 |
| Logorrhea | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2.5 | 0 | 5 | 5 | 29.4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | p = 0.007* | p = 1.000* | p = 0.004* |
| Misidentification | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 4 | 23.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | p < 0.01 | nv | p = 0.013* |
| Irritability | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 4 | 23.5 | 7 | 0 | 7 | 23.3 | p < 0.01 | p < 0.005 | p = 1.000* |
| Hallucination | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 17.6 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 6.7 | p < 0.05 | p = 0.180* | p = 0.336* |
| Fluctuations | 3 | 0 | 3 | 7.5 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 17.6 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 10.0 | p = 0.349* | p = 1.000* | p = 0.653* |
| Social disinhibition | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2.5 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 17.6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | p = 0.075* | p = 1.000* | p = 0.042* |
| Euphory/Fatuity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 17.6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | p = 0.023* | nv | p = 0.042* |
| Insomnia | 4 | – | 4 | 10 | 3 | – | 3 | 17.6 | 4 | – | 4 | 13.3 | p = 0.415* | p = 0.717* | p = 0.692* |
| Depression | 10 | 0 | 10 | 25 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 17.6 | 12 | 0 | 12 | 40.0 | p = 0.734* | p = 0.181 | p = 0.114 |
| Praxis deficits | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 11.8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | p = 0.085* | nv | p = 0.126* |
| Hypersomnia | 0 | – | 0 | 0 | 2 | – | 2 | 11.8 | 3 | – | 3 | 10.0 | p = 0.085* | p = 0.074* | p = 1.000* |
| Rem Behavior Disorders (RBD) | 0 | – | 0 | 0 | 2 | – | 2 | 11.8 | 0 | – | 0 | 0 | p = 0.085* | nv | p = 0.126* |
| Lability | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 11.8 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 6.7 | p = 0.085* | p = 0.180* | p = 0,613* |
| Abulia | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 5.9 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 6.7 | p = 0.298* | p = 0.180* | p = 1.000* |
| Obsession- Compulsion | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 5.9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | p = 0.298* | nv | p = 0.362* |
| Hyperactivity/psychomotor agit. | 1 | 2 | 2 | 5 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 5.9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | p = 1.000* | p = 503* | p = 0.362* |
| Personality changes | 0 | – | 0 | 0 | 0 | – | 0 | 0 | 0 | – | 0 | 0 | nv | nv | nv |
| Wandering | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | nv | nv | nv |
| Purposeless activity | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | nv | nv | nv |
| Impulse control disorders | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | nv | nv | nv |
| Hyperfagia | 0 | – | 0 | 0 | 0 | – | 0 | 0 | 0 | – | 0 | 0 | nv | nv | nv |
| Confusional arousal | 0 | – | 0 | 0 | 0 | – | 0 | 0 | 0 | – | 0 | 0 | nv | nv | nv |
nv, no variability in the data. *Fisher’s exact test.