Table 6.
Comparison of demographic variables, major clinical variables, biomarkers in the CSF, and APOE genotype collected at baseline multidimensional assessment, among the three groups of cross-sectional study participants (Statistically significant differences are in bold)
| HC | CM-AD | CA-AD | HC versus | HC versus | CM-AD versus | |
| N = 40 | N = 17 | N = 30 | CM-AD | CA-AD | CA-AD | |
| Gender - Count F (%) | 28 (70) | 10 (58.8) | 19 (63.3) | p = 0.413 | p = 0.557 | p = 0.760 |
| Age - Mean±SD | 78±4.7 | 75.8±4.6 | 75.8±4.4 | p = 0.117 | p = 0.060 | p = 0.975 |
| Education - Mean±SD | 10.5±3.8 | 9.9±4.4 | 9±4.9 | p = 0.593 | p = 0.154 | p = 0.543 |
| Handedness - Count Right (%) | 40 (100) | 16 (94.1) | 28 (93.3) | p = 0.298* | p = 0.180* | p = 1.000* |
| MMSE - Mean±SD | 28.9±1.1 | 24.7±2.6 | 24.4±3 | p < 0.0001 | p < 0.0001 | p = 0.841 |
| ADL - Median (IQR) | 6 (1) | 6 (1) | 6 (1) | p = 0.789 | p = 0.994 | p = 0.798 |
| IADL - Median (IQR) | 8 (0) | 7 (3) | 7 (3) | p < 0.0001 | p < 0.0001 | p = 1.000 |
| CDR - Median (IQR) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.5) | 1 (0.5) | p < 0.0001 | p < 0.0001 | p = 0.491 |
| CDR sum of boxes Median (IQR) | 0 (0) | 3.5 (1.3) | 4 (2.5) | p < 0.0001 | p < 0.0001 | p = 0.695 |
| MCI/mild Dementia –Count (N) | – | 8/9 | 11/19 | p = 0.485 | ||
| Months from onset - Mean±SD | – | 33.4±17.8 | 30.5±19.9 | p = 0.539 | ||
| Cardiovascular risk factors-Mean±SD | 1.8±1 | 2.7±1.7 | 2.8±1.2 | p = 0.111 | p = 0.002 | p = 0.668 |
| Hachinsky scale score - Mean±SD | 1.5±1.1 | 1.9±1.2 | 1.6±1.2 | p = 0.352 | p = 0.917 | p = 0.399 |
| Familiarity for dementia - Count (%) | 8 (20) | 5 (29.4) | 9 (30) | p = 0.499* | p = 0.334 | p = 0.966 |
| Past delirium - Count (%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | nv | nv | nv |
| Drugs at first visit - Count (%) | ||||||
| Benzodiazepines | 5 (29.4) | 3 (10) | p = 0.118* | |||
| Antidepressants | – | 1 (5.9) | 2 (6.7) | p = 1.000* | ||
| Antipsychotics | – | 1 (5.9) | 0 (0) | p = 0.362* | ||
| Biomarkers in the CSF –Mean±SD | ||||||
| Aβ | – | 429.1±126.1 | 452.3±79.9 | p = 0.443 | ||
| tau | – | 692.1±548.5 | 571.3±454.1 | p = 0.421 | ||
| p-tau | – | 88.2±55.1 | 70.5±32.8 | p = 0.179 | ||
| tau/Aβ | – | 1.6±1.0 | 1.4±1.2 | p = 0.394 | ||
| APOE Genotype - Count (%) | ||||||
| ɛ2/ɛ3 | – | 2 (11.8) | 0 (0) | |||
| ɛ3/ɛ3 | – | 3 (17.6) | 17 (56.7) | |||
| ɛ2/ɛ4 | – | 1 (5.9) | 0 (0) | |||
| ɛ3/ɛ4 | – | 10 (58.8) | 9 (30) | |||
| ɛ4/ɛ4 | – | 1 (5.9) | 4 (13.3) | |||
| ɛ4 carriers | – | 12 (70.6) | 13 (43.3) | p = 0.072 | ||
| Type of onset - Count (%): | ||||||
| Insidious | – | 16 (94.1%) | 27 (90%) | p = 1.000* | ||
| Abrupt | – | 1 (5.9%) | 1 (3.3%) | p = 1.000* | ||
| Not reported | – | 0 | 2 | |||
| First cognitive symptom - Count (%): | ||||||
| Unspecified cognitive impairment | – | 0 | 8 (26.7%) | p = 0.038* | ||
| Recent memory | – | 7 (41.2%) | 9 (30%) | p = 0.437 | ||
| Recent memory + executive | – | 1 (5.9%) | 3 (10%) | p = 1.000* | ||
| Recent memory + language | – | 0 | 2 (6.7%) | p = 0.528* | ||
| Recent memory + attention | – | 0 | 1 (3.3%) | p = 1.000* | ||
| Recent memory + confabulation | – | 1 (5.9%) | 0 | p = 0.362* | ||
| Recent memory + past memory | – | 1 (5.9%) | 0 | p = 0.362* | ||
| Recent memory + temporal dis. | – | 1 (5.9%) | 0 | p = 0.362* | ||
| Recent memory + topograph. dis. | – | 1 (5.9%) | 0 | p = 0.362* | ||
| Language | – | 1 (5.9%) | 2 (6.7%) | p = 1.000* | ||
| Misidentification | – | 1 (5.9%) | 0 | p = 0.362* | ||
| Not reported | – | 3 | 5 | |||
| Course - Count (%): | ||||||
| Gradual worsening | – | 15 (88.2%) | 23 (76.7%) | p = 0.455* | ||
| Stable | – | 2 (11.8%) | 5 (29.4%) | p = 1.000* | ||
| Stepwise | – | 0 | 1(3.3%) | p = 1.000* | ||
| Not-reported | – | 0 | 1 | |||
| Fluctuations of cognition - Count (%) | 2 (5,0) | 1 (5,9) | 3 (10,0) | p = 1.000* | p = 0.645* | p = 1.000* |
| Fluctuations of attention - Count (%) | 1 (2,5) | 2 (11,8) | 1 (3,3) | p = 0.209* | p = 1.000* | p = 0.283* |
| Sundowning - Count (%) | 0 | 0 | 1 (3,3) | nv | p = 0.429* | p = 1.000* |
| NPI total score –Mean±SD | 3.2±3.2 | 12.2±8.6 | 5.9±5.6 | p < 0.0001 | p = 0.077 | p = 0.012 |
MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; ADL, Activities of Daily Living; IADL, Instrumental Activities of Daily Living; CDR, Clinical Dementia Rating; APOE, apolipoprotein E; MCI, mild cognitive impairment; NPI, Neuropsychiatric Inventory; nv, no variability in the data. *Fisher’s exact test.