Table 7.
Study of atrophy and vascular burden on T1 and FLAIR MRI images using visual rating scales and classification of [18F]-FDG-PET scan results reported in reports. (Statistically significant differences are in bold)
| HC# | CM-AD | CA-AD | HC versus | HC versus | CM-AD versus | ||
| N = 15 | N = 7 | N = 13 | CM-AD | CA-AD | CA-AD | ||
| Range | p | p | p | ||||
| MRI-imaging | |||||||
| Exams - count (%) | 15 (100%) | 7 (41.2%) | 13 (43.3%) | ||||
| Vascularity (Fazekas scale) - Mean (SD) | |||||||
| Periventricular (PV) | 0–3 | 0.27 (0.46) | 1.57 (1.27) | 1.38 (1.19) | 0.032 | 0.019 | 0.943 |
| White matter hyperintensities (WHM) | 0–3 | 0.53 (0.74) | 1.71 (1.11) | 1.38 (1.04) | 0.043 | 0.063 | 0.789 |
| Visual scales of atrophy - Mean (SD) | |||||||
| Orbitofrontal right (OFR) | 0–3 | 0.27 (0.46) | 1.00 (0.82) | 0.92 (0.86) | 0.068 | 0.075 | 0.976 |
| Orbitofrontal left (OFL) | 0–3 | 0.27 (0.46) | 1.00 (0.82) | 0.85 (0.9) | 0.068 | 0.162 | 0.907 |
| Anterior cingulated right (ACR) | 0–3 | 0.67 (0.72) | 0.86 (0.9) | 1.23 (0.72) | 0.891 | 0.126 | 0.595 |
| Anterior cingulated left (ACL) | 0–3 | 0.67 (0.62) | 1.14 (0.7) | 0.85 (0.55) | 0.276 | 0.669 | 0.558 |
| Anterior temporal right (ATR) | 0–4 | 0.33 (0.62) | 1.43 (0.79) | 1.23 (1.01) | 0.006 | 0.0033 | 0.941 |
| Anterior temporal left (ATL) | 0–4 | 0.2 (0.41) | 1.43 (0.79) | 1.62 (1.04) | 0.001 | <0.001 | 0.869 |
| Frontoinsular right (FIR) | 0–3 | 1.20 (0.56) | 2.00 (0.58) | 1.69 (0.63) | 0.023 | 0.112 | 0.519 |
| Frontoinsular left (FIL) | 0–3 | 0.87 (0.64) | 2.00 (0.82) | 1.77 (0.83) | 0.015 | 0.012 | 0.864 |
| Medial temporal atrophy right (MTAR) | 0–4 | 0.4 (0.51) | 1.29 (0.76) | 1.31 (0.95) | 0.030 | 0.021 | 0.999 |
| Medial temporal atrophy left (MTAL) | 0–4 | 0.27 (0.46) | 1.57 (0.79) | 1.54 (1.05) | 0.004 | 0.002 | 0.976 |
| Parietal atrophy right (PAR) | 0–3 | 0.93 (0.8) | 1.86 (0.9) | 1.85 (0.99) | 0.065 | 0.049 | 0.996 |
| Parietal atrophy left (PAL) | 0–3 | 1.13 (0.74) | 1.71 (0.95) | 2.00 (0.91) | 0.272 | 0.054 | 0.851 |
| Dorsal parietal right (DPR) | 0–3 | 0.87 (0.91) | 1.57 (0.98) | 1.92 (0.86) | 0.278 | 0.019 | 0.669 |
| Dorsal parietal left (DPL) | 0–3 | 1.00 (0.84) | 1.71 (1.11) | 2.00 (0.82) | 0.304 | 0.013 | 0.821 |
| Posterior cingulate right (PCSR) | 0–3 | 1.33 (0.82) | 1.86 (0.9) | 2.00 (0.91) | 0.269 | 0.109 | 0.935 |
| Posterior cingulate left (PCSL) | 0–3 | 1.33 (1.05) | 1.86 (1.07) | 2.08 (0.82) | 0.492 | 0.129 | 0925 |
| Precuneus right (PRER) | 0–3 | 0.67 (0.72) | 1.29 (0.76) | 1.54 (0.88) | 0.192 | 0.030 | 0.866 |
| Precuneus left (PREL) | 0–3 | 0.8 (0.68) | 1.57 (0.98) | 1.77 (0.83) | 0.144 | 0.012 | 0.940 |
| Parieto-occipital right (POSR) | 0–3 | 1.13 (0.74) | 2.14 (1.07) | 1.77 (1.09) | 0.053 | 0.190 | 0.710 |
| Parieto-occipital left (POSL) | 0–3 | 1.07 (0.88) | 1.86 (1.07) | 2 (1.22) | 0.195 | 0.078 | 0.869 |
| [18F]-FDG-PET-imaging –count (%) | |||||||
| Exams | – | 10 (58.8%) | 13 (43.3%) | 0.307 | |||
| Positive/negative | – | 10/0 | 12/1 | ||||
| Temporal + Parietal | – | 4 (40%) | 5 (38.5%) | 1.000* | |||
| Focal Temporal | – | 3 (30%) | 4 (30.8%) | 1.000* | |||
| Temporal + Parietal + Occipital | – | 1 (10%) | 2 (15.4%) | 1.000* | |||
| Temporal + Frontal | – | 1 (10%) | 0 | 0.435* | |||
| Parietal + cingulum | – | 0 | 1 (7.7%) | 1.000* | |||
| Mild diffuse | – | 1 (10%) | 0 | 0.435* | |||
| Total medial temporal | – | 5 (50%) | 4 (30.8%) | 0.417* | |||
| Total Temporal | – | 9 (90%) | 11 (84.6%) | 1.000* | |||
| Total Parietal | – | 5 (50%) | 8 (61.5%) | 0.685* | |||
| Total Occipital | – | 1 (10%) | 2 (15.4%) | 1.000* | |||
| Total Frontal | – | 1 (10%) | 2 (15.4%) | 1.000* | |||
| Bilateral | – | 4 (40%) | 1 (7.7%) | 0.127* | |||
| right > left | – | 4 (40%) | 5 (38.5%) | 1.000* | |||
| left > right | – | 2 (20%) | 6 (46.1%) | 0.379* |
#The sample of healthy people was recruited in the Neurologic Unit of the same Hospital and it has been described in a previous article (reference [26] in the Supplementary Material). *Fisher’s exact test.