Fig. (5).

Curculigoside increases the level of BDNF, the level of p-AKT and p-mTOR in the hippocampus of the LH model, and improves the spatial memory ability of the model, and accelerates the extinction of fear memory by activating the AKT-mTOR signaling pathway. Abbreviations: (BDNF: brain-derived neurotrophic factor, proBDNF: brain-derived neurotrophic factor precursor, TrkB: tyrosine kinase receptor B, AKT: protein kinase B, mTOR: mammalian target of rapamycin, CUR: curculigoside, HIP: hippocampus, CREB: Cyclic AMP response-element binding protein, LH: learned helplessness, ATP: adenosine triphosphate, ADP: adenosine diphosphate).