Table 5.
Metabolites involved in the separation of urine samples from patients with different phenotypes of depression and its treatment outcome.
| Samples Involved | Phenotypes |
Metabolites Identified using OPLS-DA or
PLS-DA |
Additional Metabolites | VIP Metabolites |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| TNMDD vs. HC | TNMDD | NPAG, creatine, phosphocholine | N-acetylgylcine, N-acetylglutamate,methylmalonate, betaine (OPLS-DA); Imidazole (PLSDA) | Creatine, creatinine, 3-methylhistidine, phosphocholine, citrate, hippurate, phenylacetate, glucose, NPAG, (PLS- & OPLS-DA), glycine (OPLS-DA), methylmalonate, betaine (PLS-DA) |
| HC | Alanine, formate, 3-hydroxybutyrate, citrate, trimethylamine, creatinine, glycine, phenylacetate, phosphocholine, glucose, 3-methylhistidine, NPAG, Hippurate | N-acetylgylcine, N-acetylglutamate, methylmalonate, betaine (PLS-DA) | ||
| TWMDD- 2 weeks after SSRI treatment vs. HC | HC | Creatinine, glucose, NPAG, 3-methylhistidine, phenylacetate, glycine, phosphocholine, methylmalonate, trimethylamine, alanine, N-acetylglutamate, N-acetylglycine, 3-hydroxybutyrate, citrate | Hippurate (OPLS-DA) | Creatine, creatinine, 3-methylhistidine, phosphocholine, citrate, betaine, glycine, phenylacetate, glucose, NPAG, N-acetylglutamate, N-acetylglycine, methylmalonate, 3-hydroxybutyrate (PLS- & OPLS-DA), hippurate, imidazole, trimethylamine, alanine, (PLS-DA) |
| TWMDD-2 weeks after SSRI treatment (Post) | Formate, imidazole, NPAG, creatine, betaine | Hippurate (PLS-DA) | ||
| TNMDD (Pre) vs. TWMDD-2 weeks after SSRI treatment (Post) |
TNMDD (Pre) | - | - | Creatine, creatinine, betaine, NPAG, citrate, phosphocholine, glucose, hippurate, 3-methylhistidine, N-acetylglutamate, phenylacetate, methylmalonate, alanine (OPLS- & PLS-DA), imidazole, N-acetylglycine (PLS-DA) |
| TWMDD-2 weeks after SSRI treatment (Post) | Formate, imidazole, NPAG, Hippurate, phosphocholine, creatinine, creatine, glucose, 3-methylhistidine, alanine, N-acetylglutarate, N-acetylglycine, phenylacetate, phosphocholine, NPAG, glycine, methylmalonate, 3-hydroxybutyrate, glucose | Betaine, citrate, 3-hydroxybutyrate, alanine | ||
| Responder (r) vs. non- responder | Responders (r) | Hippurate, phospholine, creatinine, glucose, NPAG, 3-methylhistidine, phenylacetate, glycine, betaine, methylmalonate, trimethylamine, citrate, 3- hydroxybutyrate, N-acetylglutamate | N-acetylglycine (PLS-DA) |
Creatinine,creatine, 3-methylhistidine, Hippurate, phosphocholine, Hippurate (PLS- & OPLS-DA); Citrate, NPAG, betaine, methylmalonate, glucose, phenylacetate, N-acetylglutamate (PLS-DA) |
| - | Non-responders (nr) | NPAG, formate, imidazole, creatinine, alanine, creatine | Trimethylamine (OPLS-DA) |
- |
| Adverse effects (se) vs. No adverse effect (nse) |
Adverse effects (se) | Phosphocholine, creatine, glucose, glycine, creatinine, trimethylamine, N-acetylglycine, methylmalonate | Betaine, citrate, 3-hydroxybutyrate, alanine, hippurate | Phosphocholine, 3-methylhistidine, NPAG, betaine, glucose, glycine, citrate (OPLS- & PLS-DA); Creatine, creatinine(PLS-DA) |
| No adverse effect (nse) | Formate, Imidazole, NPAG, 3-methylhistidine, phosphocholine, phenylacetate | Alanine, 3-hudroxybutyrate, citrate, methylmalonate, betaine, creatinine, hippurate. |
Abbreviations: TNMDD = treatment naïve major depressive disorder, PLSDA = partial least square-discriminant analysis, OPLSDA = orthogonal partial least square-discriminant analysis, VIP = variable important projections.