Table 2.

Preconditioned MSCs transplantation in IBD animal models

Condition	Source	Animal	Results	Refs.
Genetically modified MSCs
DSS-induced colitis	BM	BALB/c mice	Better homing to the colon and spleen of mice models leads to the reduced Th1 and Th17 cells but improving the Tregs numbers by ICAM-1-overexpressing MSCs	[30]
TNBS-induced colitis	BM	BALB/c mice	Improved homing to the intestinal mucosa and thus causing a more appreciated curative effect by CXCR‑4-overexpressing MSCs	[161]
TNBS-induced colitis	BM	BALB/c mice	More powerful migration to the inflamed colons, causing a strong anti-inflammatory effect by CXCR2-overexpressing MSCs	[162]
DSS-induced colitis	BM	C57BL/6 mice	Down-regulation of miR-141 and miR-139 expression but a promoting ICAM-1 and CXCR4 expression in H19-overexpressing MSCs compared with naïve MSCs	[164]
DSS-induced colitis	Hair follicle	SD rats	Improving intestinal stem cells proliferation (ISC), attenuating inflammatory factors levels, promoting the anti-inflammatory factors, and also reducing DAI score by Nrf-2-overexpressing MSCs	[166]
DSS-induced colitis	DP	SD rats	Transdifferentiation of the HGF-overexpressing MSCs into ISC-like cells and suppressing inflammatory responses as well as oxidative stress	[82]
TNBS-induced colitis	DP	BALB/c mice	Promoting the colon length and supporting intestinal mucosa architecture by enhancing M2 but not M1 macrophage polarization by HIF-1-overexpressing MSCs	[168]
DSS-induced colitis	BM	C57BL/6 mice	Promoting the Tregs and Th2 cells and improving the IDO expression in colon tissue colon by IFN-γ-overexpressing MSCs	[169]
DSS-induced colitis	BM	BALB/c mice	Improving the Tregs population in colon tissue by IL-35 overexpressing MSCs	[170]
DSS-induced colitis	BM	SD rats	Improved homing and robust anti-inflammatory response by CX3CR1/IL-25 dual expressing MSCs	[26]
DSS-induced colitis	UC	CD11b-DTR mice	Suppression of 15-lox-1 expression in macrophage by miR148b-5p-overexpressing MSCs	[245]
TNBS-induced colitis	BM	SD rats	Supporting the colonic morphology and amelioration of tissue structure by KGF-overexpressing MSCs	[246]
Pre-treated MSCs
DSS-induced colitis	UC	C57BL/6 mice	Amelioration of the clinical signs of disease and reducing colon shortening by poly(I: C)-pre-treated MSCs	[143]
DSS-induced colitis	UC	C57BL/6 mice	Enhancing COX-2, IL-6, and IL-8 expression and targeting macrophage polarization by IL-1β pre-treated MSCs	[145]
DSS-induced colitis	BM	SD rats	Suppression of the Th17 immune response and promoting T regulatory cell phenotype by IL-25-pre-treated MSCs	[148]
DSS-induced colitis	Tonsil	C57BL/6J mice	Potentiating the immunomodulatory potential via up-regulation of the COX-2/PGE2 axis in TNF-ɑ pre-treated MSCs	[139]
TNBS-induced colitis	UC	BALB/c mice	Enhancing the therapeutic competence of MSCs due to the activation of the TLR3–Jagged–1-Notch-1 pathway in poly I: C-pre-treated MSCs	[144]
DSS-induced colitis	BM	C57BL/6 mice	Attenuation of immune cell infiltration and inflammatory cytokines levels in colon tissue by IFN-γ- and poly I: C-pre-treated MSCs	[152]
DSS and DNBS-induced colitis	AT	C57BL/6 mice	Secretion of higher levels of TSG-6 and PGE2 by MSCs upon priming with TNF-ɑ leading to the stimulation of phenotypic alterations in macrophages	[19]

MSCs mesenchymal stem/stromal cells, BM bone marrow, UC umbilical cord, AT adipose tissue, DP dental pulp, TNBS 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid, DSS dextran sulfate sodium, Th T helper 1/2/17, FOXP3 Forkhead box P3, IL-1 interleukin-1β, TNF-α tumor necrosis factor-alpha, PGE2 prostaglandin E2, Tregs regulatory T cells, IDO indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, IFN-γ interferon-gamma, IL interleukin, TLRs toll-like receptors, ICAM-1 intercellular adhesion molecule-1, CXCR-4 C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4, TSG6 TNFα-stimulated gene-6, KGF keratinocyte growth factor, CX3CR1 CX3C chemokine receptor 1, MCP-1/CCL2 monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, HGF hepatocyte growth factor, NRF2 nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, miRNAs microRNAs