Table 3.
MSCs-derived EVs (e.g., exosome) transplantation in IBD animal models
| Diseases | Source | Model | Results | Refs. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DSS-induced colitis | BM | C57BL/6 mice | Alleviation of colitis by up-regulation of miR-125a and miR-125b levels, which in turn, downregulates STAT3 expression and Th17 cell differentiation | [187] |
| DSS-induced colitis | UC | KM mice | Enhancing IL-10 levels while reducing the TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, iNOS, and IL-7 levels in colon tissues and spleens of treated mice | [180] |
| DSS-induced colitis | AT | C57BL/6 mice | Reducing the colon shortening, enhancing body weight, attenuating bleeding and colon injury by promoting the IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-12, and IL-17 levels and conversely decreasing TGF-β, IL-4, and IL-10 in lymph node and spleen of treated mice | [183] |
| DSS-induced colitis | UC | C57BL/6 mice | Reducing DAI score and body weight loss by exerting anti-inflammatory responses and averting inflammatory responses | [178] |
| DSS-induced colitis | BM | C57BL/6 mice | Alleviation of experimental colitis by enhancing the intestinal barrier function through exosomal miR-181a | [108] |
| DSS-induced colitis | DP | C57BL/6 mice | Restoring the Th17 cell/Treg balance by activating the miR-1246/Nfat5 axis leading to less disease severity | [247] |
| DSS-induced colitis | DP | C57BL/6 mice | Suppression of CD4 + T cell proliferation along with down-regulation of IL-17, IFN-γ levels and improving the TGF-β, IL-10 secreted by T cells | [73] |
| DSS-induced colitis | UC | BALB/c mice | Attenuation of colitis by inhibition of ubiquitin activity | [28] |
| DSS-induced colitis | DP | C57BL/6 mice | Inhibition of inflammatory responses by exosomal metallothionein-2 (MT-2) | [198] |
| DSS/TNBS-induced colitis | UC | BALB/c mice | Supporting the mucosal barrier repair and intestinal immune homeostasis by exosomal TSG-6 | [29] |
| DSS-induced colitis | BM | C57BL/6 mice | Exerting epithelial regeneration | [248] |
| DSS-induced colitis | BM | C57BL/6 mice | Promoting intestinal-stem-cell (ISCs) and epithelial regeneration | [249] |
| DSS-induced colitis | UC | BALB/c mice | Alleviation of colitis in part by inhibiting neddylation through exosomal miR-326 | [205] |
| DSS -induced colitis | UC | BALB/c mice | Attenuation of colitis by suppression of macrophage pyroptosis through activating miR-378a-5p/NLRP3 axis | [190] |
| DSS -induced colitis | BM | BALB/c mice | Attenuation of body weight loss, DAI score, and colon mucosa damage probably by improvement in IL-10 and TGF-β reduction in VEGF-A, IFN-γ, IL-12, TNF-α, CCL-24, and CCL-17 levels | [250] |
| TNBS-induced colitis | UC | BALB/c mice | Suppression of inflammation and oxidative stress | [23] |
| DSS -induced colitis | AT | SD rats | Diminishment of the number of circulating inflammatory cells by combined melatonin and exosome therapy | [251] |
MSCs mesenchymal stem/stromal cells, EVs extracellular vesicles, BM bone marrow, UC umbilical cord, AT adipose tissue, DP dental pulp, TNBS 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid, DSS dextran sulfate sodium, Th T helper 1/2/17, FOXP3 Forkhead box P3, IL-1 interleukin-1β, TNF-α tumor necrosis factor-alpha, Tregs regulatory T cells, IFN-γ interferon-gamma, IL interleukin, TLRs toll-like receptors, miRNAs MICRORNAS, TGF-β transforming growth factor-beta, VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor, NFAT nuclear factor of activated T-cells, NLRP3 NLR family pyrin domain containing 3, CCL chemokine-ligand 17/24, NFAT nuclear factor of activated T-cells