TABLE 3.

List of diseases cured by oral administration of bioavailable curcumin.

Disease		Dose/Duration	The cure effects	References
Cancer	Prostate	0.1 g/day for 6 months	Reduced serum PSA with the therapy of isoflavone and cur.	(109)
	Head and neck	–	Cur inhibited IKKβ kinase activity and IL-8 levels in head and neck cancer patients.	(110)
	Breast	6 g/day for 3 weeks	(1) The recommend dose for cur was 6000 mg/day for 3 weeks in combination with docetaxel. (2) Clinical responses were observed in patients for treatment of cur and docetaxel.	(111)
	Pancreatic	500 mg/day (cur), 5 mg (piperine) for 42 days	Decreased PhK (Phosphorylase kinase) activity in cur treated group.	(112)
		8 g/day for 4, 8 weeks	Cur oral administration is well tolerated with biological activity in pancreatic cancer, in spite of the limited absorption. Cur downregulated the cyclooxygenase-2, NF-κB, phosphorylated signal transducer in patients. The trial had positive outcomes with tumor regression and enhanced serum cytokines levels.	(113)
		8 g/day for 4 weeks	Cur had low compliance at high dose (8 g/day) Gemcitabine in combination with cur had therapeutic effect in advanced pancreatic cancer patients. Gemcitabine in combination with cur was safe and feasible in pancreatic cancer patients.	(113)
	Colorectal	0.44–2.2 g/day for 4 months	The oral bioavailability of cur was low and cur was metabolized by intestine. Metabolites were detected in the feces instead of the blood or urine. GST activity was decreased by 59% at a low dose (440 mg) instead of higher doses. Cur cause clinical benefit in patients of colon rectal cancer. Larger dose of cur clinical trial is merited.	(114)
		0.45–3.6 g/day for 4 months	Compounds and conjugates were detectable in plasma and urine after consumption of cur 3.6 g per day. Significantly decreased serum PGE2 levels at the highest dose.	(115)
		0.45, 1.8, 3.6 g/day for 7 days	Cur levels was pharmacologically efficacious by decreasing M 1 G levels instead of COX-2 protein levels in the colorectum with negligible cur distribution outside the gut at a dose of 3,600 mg/day. Cur was taken up by malignant and normal colorectal tissue. (3) Traces amount of cur was detected in the blood. The systemic availability of orally administered cur was low.	(116)
		2.4 g/day for month	Decreased ACF levels with the 4 g dose, while no decrease in 2 g dose.	(117)
		1.8 g/day for 10–30 days	Increased body weight, decreased serum TNF-α, induced p53, regulated apoptotic pathway of tumor cell.	(118)
Skin conditions	Psoriasis	4.5 g/day for 12 weeks	Cur with a dose of 4.5 g/day is safe and well-tolerated; Cur had treatment effect for psoriasis.	(119)
	Alzheimer’s disease	2–4 g/day for 24 weeks	Cur had a therapeutic effect on Alzheimer’s disease.	(120)
	Dejerine-Sottas Disease	1.5 g/day for 4 months	Cur had efficacy and safety on treatment of dejerine-sottas disease.	(121)
	Arterial diseases	0.5 g/day for 7 days	Increased HDL cholesterol (29%), decreased lipid peroxidase (33%), decreased total serum cholesterol (11.63%) were detected after cur administration.	(122)
Inflammatory diseases	Irritable bowel Syndrome	0.072–0.144 g/day for 8 weeks	Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) prevalence was decreased; Abdominal pain was reduced.	(123)
	Ulcerative proctitis Crohn’s disease	0.350–0.550 g/day for 1–2 months	Cur had reduced inflammatory response effect in patients.	(124)
	Rheumatoid arthritis	0.5 g/day for 8 weeks	Cur had the treatment effect of active rheumatoid arthritis (RA).	(125)
	Chronic anterior Uveitis	0.125 g/day for 12 weeks	Side effect is lack; Recurrence rate was 86%.	(126)
	Recurrent anterior Uveitis	1.2 g/day for 12–18 months	More than 80% patients had reduced eye discomfort after treatment. Cur had therapeutic effect on eye relapsing diseases.	(126)
	Peptic ulcer	3 g/day for 4 weeks	Cur had the therapeutic effect of peptic ulcer.	(127)
	Inflammatory Orbital Pseudotumor	0.125 g/day for 6–22 months	Five patients completed the study, four patients recovered completely, the fifth had tumor related swelling. Cur had therapeutic effect on healing of peptic ulcer.	(128)
Metabolic diseases	Diabetes	0.6 g/day for 8 weeks	NCB-02 and atorvastatin can increased the endothelial function. NCB-02 had more therapeutic effect on endothelial dysfunction compared with atorvastatin can. The postprandial serum insulin levels were increased, plasma glucose levels or glycemic index was not increased after cur administration; Cur had the effect of insulin secretion.	(129)
	Diabetic microangiopathy	1 g/day for 4 weeks	Decrease in skin resting flux, edema score, increase in venoarteriolar response, PO 2 were observed.	(130)
	Lupus nephritis	0.5 g/day for 3 months	Proteinuria, hematuria, and systolic blood pressure were decreased.	(131)
	Diabetic nephropathy	1.5 g/day for 2 months	TGF-β and IL-8 serum level and urinary protein excretion were decreased after cur administration. No adverse effect was observed.	(132)
	Renal transplantation	0.480–0.960 g/day for a month	Enhanced effect in cadaveric renal transplantation.	(133)
Others	Safety trials Phase I	0.50–12 g/day for 3 months	Cur is not toxic up to the dose of 8,000 mg/day for the treatment of 3 months. Cur was not absorpted by gastrointestinal completely with low Cmax (1.77 ± 1.87 μM/ml at the dose of 8,000 mg). Curmin had a biologic effect in cancer treatment.	(112)
	β-thalassemia	0.5 g/day for 12 months	Oxidative stress was increased in β-thalassemia/Hb E patients after cur administration.	(134)
	Alcohol intoxication	0.03 g for single dose	The bioavailability of THERACURMIN was higher than cur powder for the treatment of human disorders.	(135)
	Atherosclerosis	0.020 g/day for 28 days	Increased ApoA and HDL, decreased apoB and LDL after cur administration.	(136)
	Respiratory contraction	3 g/day for 4 weeks	Reduced infections after administration of lactoferrin and cur (LC).	(137)