Table 4.

A summary of regression analysis for sample characteristics as predictors of stress (DASS-21) (N = 2,757)

		Model 1 (sociodemographic and health variables)				Model 2 (+ work-related characteristics)				Model 3 (+ COVID-19-related variables)
		B	SE	β	t	B	SE	β	t	B	SE	β	t
Constant		10.07	0.50		20.17***	10.67	0.92		11.58***	8.85	0.98		8.99***
Gender (ref: female)		–1.21	0.287	–0.078	–4.22***	–1.34	0.29	–0.09	–4.57***	–1.24	0.29	–0.08	–4.26***
Age		–0.08	0.011	–0.136	–7.30***	–0.10	0.02	–0.17	–3.84***	–0.10	0.02	–0.17	–3.87***
Physical illness		1.02	0.244	0.079	4.18***	1.01	0.24	0.08	4.13***	0.86	0.24	0.07	3.52***
Mental illness		3.98	0.511	0.145	7.79***	3.94	0.51	0.14	7.70***	3.89	0.51	0.14	7.67***
Both physical and mental illness		4.80	0.755	0.118	6.36***	4.64	0.75	0.11	6.15***	4.53	0.75	0.11	6.06***
Disability		0.44	1.257	0.006	0.35	0.27	1.26	0.00	0.21	0.05	1.25	0.00	0.04
During diagnosis		4.31	0.579	0.138	7.45***	4.22	0.58	0.14	7.31***	4.10	0.57	0.13	7.14***
Primary work location (ref: village)
	Small town (< 20k inh.)					–0.27	0.35	–0.02	–0.78	–0.30	0.34	–0.02	–0.86
	Medium-sized town (20-100k inh.)					0.04	0.33	0.00	0.11	–0.04	0.32	0.00	–0.11
	Large city (100-350k inh.)					–0.14	0.35	–0.01	–0.39	–0.24	0.35	–0.02	–0.69
	Very large city (> 350k inh.)					0.99	0.35	0.07	2.85**	0.87	0.35	0.06	2.50*
	Capital of Poland (Warsaw. 1,789,620 inh.)					–0.06	0.36	0.00	–0.17	–0.21	0.36	–0.01	–0.60
Work experience (years)						0.02	0.02	0.04	0.83	0.01	0.02	0.03	0.61
Predominant working method since 01-2021 (ref: on-site)
	Remote					0.82	0.27	0.08	3.07**	0.84	0.27	0.08	3.15**
	Hybrid					–0.08	0.34	–0.01	–0.24	–0.06	0.33	0.00	–0.17
Preschool teacher						–0.51	0.47	–0.03	–1.08	–0.64	0.47	–0.04	–1.38
Primary school teacher						–0.63	0.48	–0.06	–1.32	–0.76	0.47	–0.07	–1.61
Secondary school teacher						–0.71	0.49	–0.06	–1.45	–0.77	0.48	–0.07	–1.58
Other						–0.51	0.47	–0.03	–1.08	–0.23	0.50	–0.01	–0.47
Diagnosed with COVID-19										0.32	0.25	0.02	1.28
Fear of the negative consequences of COVID-19										1.20	0.25	0.09	4.75***
COVID-19 cases in:
	Close family member or friend									0.01	0.22	0.00	0.04
Co-worker or student										0.98	0.33	0.06	2.98**
COVID-19 deaths of:
Family member or friend										0.53	0.23	0.04	2.27*
Co-workers/students/ parents of students										0.57	0.29	0.04	1.92

Model 1: F(7, 2716) = 31.109, p < 0.001; R = 0.272, R² = 0.074, R² _adj = 0.072. Model 2: F(19, 2704) = 13.329, p < 0.001; R = 0.293, R² = 0.086, R² _adj = 0.079, ΔF(12, 2704) = 2.812, ΔR² = 0.011, p < 0.001. Model 3: F(25, 2698) = 12.537, p < 0.001; R = 0.323, R2 = 0.104, R² _adj = 0.096, ΔF(6, 2698) = 9.258, ΔR² = 0.018, p < 0.001

^*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001