Table 1.
Targeting retinal inflammation as a gene-agnostic approach to treating retinal degenerations.
| Target | Function | Intervention | Animal model | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| TNF-α | Pro-inflammatory cytokine | Antagonistic antibody (adalimumab), systemic or local (intravitreal) | Rd10 mouse | Martínez-Fernández De La Cámara et al. (2015) |
| Rd10 mouse | Olivares-González et al. (2020) | |||
| Genetic knockdown | RhoT17M mouse | Rana et al. (2017) | ||
| NLRP3 | Inflammasome activation (via IL-1β/IL-18) in response to cell damage | Genetic knockout and inhibition (N-acetylcysteine) | RhoP23H rat | Viringipurampeer et al. (2016) |
| IL-1R | Pro-inflammatory cytokine receptor | Inhibitory antibody (Kineret) and peptide (rytvela) | Blue light-induced retinal damage in mouse | Dabouz et al. (2020) |
| CCR2 | Chemokine receptor on monocytic phagocytes | Genetic knockout | Rd10 mouse | Guo et al. (2012) |
| Genetic knockout | Blue light-induced retinal damage in mouse | Hu et al. (2016) | ||
| P2X7 | ATP receptor involved in ATP-triggered apoptosis | Genetic knockout and antagonist (A438079) | Optic nerve crush in mouse | Nadal-Nicolás et al. (2016) |
| A2AR | Adenosine A2A receptor | Antagonist (SCH58261) | Diabetic retinopathy in mouse | Aires et al. (2019) |
| Antagonist (ZM241385) | Retinal detachment in mouse | Gao et al. (2020) | ||
| Antagonist (SCH58261) | Light-induced retinal degeneration, rat | Soliño et al. (2022) | ||
| SIGLEC-11 | Primate-specific receptor for polysialic acid (a neuronal self-recognition molecular pattern) | Polysialic acid with average degree of polymerisation of 20 (polySia avDP20) | Laser injury, human SIGLEC-11 knock-in mouse | Karlstetter et al. (2017) |
| TLR2/TLR4 | Innate immune pattern-recognition receptors | Minocycline | Rd10 mouse | Scholz et al. (2015b) |
| CCL3 | Chemokine | Genetic knockout | Mertk-/- mouse | Kohno et al., (2014) |
| TSPO | Mitochondrial cholesterol transporter | Molecular agonist (XBD173) | Light-induced retinal degeneration, mouse | Scholz et al. (2015a) |