Table 1: Some special clinical and laboratory findings regarding the presentation of Wilson’s disease .
Features | Asymptomatic 19 | Acute 6 | Chronic 18 | Fulminant 12 | Neurological 9 | Total | P |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | ||
Kayser-Fleischer ring | 4 (21) | 2 (33.3) | 9 (50) | 2 (16.6) | 9 (100) | 26 (40.6) | 0.00 |
Hemolytic anemia | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 2 (11.1) | 7 (58.4) | 0 (0) | 9 (14) | 0.00 |
Hypouricemia | 5 (26.3) | 1 (16.6) | 14 (77.8) | 12 (100) | 5 (55.6) | 37 (57.8) | 0.00 |
Low albumin | 3 (15.8) | 2 (33.3) | 11 (61.1) | 11 (91.7) | 1 (11.1) | 28 (43.7) | 0.00 |
High INR | 3 (15.8) | 0 (0) | 14 (77.8) | 12 (100) | 3 (33.3) | 32 (50) | 0.00 |
High ammonium | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 5 (27.8) | 12 (100) | 0 (0) | 17 (26.5) | 0.00 |
Low HDL | 5 (26.3) | 1 (16.6) | 12 (66.7) | 10 (83.4) | 4 (44.5) | 32 (50) | 0.03 |
Normal ceruloplasmin | 2 (10.5) | 1 (16.6) | 3 (16.6) | 0 (0) | 1 (11.1) | 7 (11) | 0.41 |
Hepatosteatosis (n = 57) (USG) | 2/15 (13.3) | 4/6 (66.6) | 0/17 (0) | 1/11 (9) | 0/8 (0) | 7/57 (12.3) | 0.00 |
Brain involvement (n = 41) (MRI) | 1/6 (16.6) | 0 (0) | 11/14 (79) | 5/8 (62.5) | 9/9 (100) | 26/41 (63.4) | 0.00 |
Steatosis in biopsy (n = 20) | 4/5 (80) | 2/3 (66.6) | 0/4 (0) | 1/7 (14.3) | 0/1 (0) | 7/20 (35) | 0.02 |
Iron accumulation in biopsy (n = 20) | 0/5 (0) | 0/3 (0) | 2/3 (66.6) | 3/7 (43) | 0/1 (0) | 5/20 (25) | 0.11 |
Family history | 14 (87.5) | 3 (50) | 6 (33.3) | 4 (33.3) | 5 (55.5) | 32 (50) | 0.103 |
Detected through screening | 13 (68.4) | 0 | 1 (5.5) | 0 | 2 (16.7) | 16 (25) | 0.000 |
Hepatomegaly | 3 (15.7) | 4 (66.7) | 17 (94.5) | 10 (83.4) | 2 (22.3) | 36 (56.2) | 0.000 |
Splenomegaly | 1 (5.2) | 1 (16.7) | 15 (83.4) | 9 (75) | 3 (33.3) | 29 (45.3) | 0.000 |
Ascites | 0 | 1 (16.7) | 9 (50) | 7 (58.3) | 2 (22.3) | 19 (29.6) | 0.002 |
Jaundice | 0 | 3 (50) | 14 (77.8) | 12 (100) | 0 | 29 (45.3) | 0.000 |
Encephalopathy | 0 | 0 | 0 | 12 (100) | 0 | 12 (18.7) | 0.000 |
INR = international normalized ratio; HDL = high-density lipoprotein; USG = ultrasonography; MRI = magnetic resonance imaging.