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. 2018 Jul 21;136(4):304–309. doi: 10.1590/1516-3180.2018.0210230718

Table 1: Some special clinical and laboratory findings regarding the presentation of Wilson’s disease .

Features Asymptomatic 19 Acute 6 Chronic 18 Fulminant 12 Neurological 9 Total P
N (%) N (%) N (%) N (%) N (%) N (%)
Kayser-Fleischer ring 4 (21) 2 (33.3) 9 (50) 2 (16.6) 9 (100) 26 (40.6) 0.00
Hemolytic anemia 0 (0) 0 (0) 2 (11.1) 7 (58.4) 0 (0) 9 (14) 0.00
Hypouricemia 5 (26.3) 1 (16.6) 14 (77.8) 12 (100) 5 (55.6) 37 (57.8) 0.00
Low albumin 3 (15.8) 2 (33.3) 11 (61.1) 11 (91.7) 1 (11.1) 28 (43.7) 0.00
High INR 3 (15.8) 0 (0) 14 (77.8) 12 (100) 3 (33.3) 32 (50) 0.00
High ammonium 0 (0) 0 (0) 5 (27.8) 12 (100) 0 (0) 17 (26.5) 0.00
Low HDL 5 (26.3) 1 (16.6) 12 (66.7) 10 (83.4) 4 (44.5) 32 (50) 0.03
Normal ceruloplasmin 2 (10.5) 1 (16.6) 3 (16.6) 0 (0) 1 (11.1) 7 (11) 0.41
Hepatosteatosis (n = 57) (USG) 2/15 (13.3) 4/6 (66.6) 0/17 (0) 1/11 (9) 0/8 (0) 7/57 (12.3) 0.00
Brain involvement (n = 41) (MRI) 1/6 (16.6) 0 (0) 11/14 (79) 5/8 (62.5) 9/9 (100) 26/41 (63.4) 0.00
Steatosis in biopsy (n = 20) 4/5 (80) 2/3 (66.6) 0/4 (0) 1/7 (14.3) 0/1 (0) 7/20 (35) 0.02
Iron accumulation in biopsy (n = 20) 0/5 (0) 0/3 (0) 2/3 (66.6) 3/7 (43) 0/1 (0) 5/20 (25) 0.11
Family history 14 (87.5) 3 (50) 6 (33.3) 4 (33.3) 5 (55.5) 32 (50) 0.103
Detected through screening 13 (68.4) 0 1 (5.5) 0 2 (16.7) 16 (25) 0.000
Hepatomegaly 3 (15.7) 4 (66.7) 17 (94.5) 10 (83.4) 2 (22.3) 36 (56.2) 0.000
Splenomegaly 1 (5.2) 1 (16.7) 15 (83.4) 9 (75) 3 (33.3) 29 (45.3) 0.000
Ascites 0 1 (16.7) 9 (50) 7 (58.3) 2 (22.3) 19 (29.6) 0.002
Jaundice 0 3 (50) 14 (77.8) 12 (100) 0 29 (45.3) 0.000
Encephalopathy 0 0 0 12 (100) 0 12 (18.7) 0.000

INR = international normalized ratio; HDL = high-density lipoprotein; USG = ultrasonography; MRI = magnetic resonance imaging.