TABLE 1.

Selected recent literature on algal bioremediation of PW.

	Strain	Wastewater type	Cultivation conditions	Highest biomass yield (g·L−1)	Pollutants removed	Highest removal efficiency (%)	Reference
1	Chlorella sp	produced water from a Qatari local petroleum company	In a temperature-controlled room, a glass bottle was agitated with compressed air and illuminated with an light intensity of 600 µmol photons·m−2·s−1	1.72	TOC	73	Das et al. (2019)
					total Nitrogen	92
2	Chlorella vulgaris	Produced water from an oil and gas facility in United States.	Tissue Culture Roller Drum Apparatus inside an incubator with a constant level of CO2 of 2%–3% (v/v), a temperature of 28°C with 16:8 h light:dark cycle and an illumination of ∼4000 lux	3.1 ± 0.5	total Nitrogen	100	Rahman et al. (2021)
					phosphorus	≈74.2
3	Chlorella vulgaris	PW from dumping site generated by oil wells in Colombia	fluorescent light at an irradiance of 36.8 ± 4.2 μmol photons m−2 s−1 at the surface of the culture medium, temperature at 20 °C and permanent aeration supplied by a blower	—	Total hydrocarbons	≈100	Calderón-delgado et al. (2019)
4	Chlorella pyrenoidosa	PW from oilfield in Algeria	outdoor, under sunlight radiation, using an open system sited in the desert area in the winter season. The temperatures fluctuated from 26 to 31°C during the day	1.15	COD	89.67%	Rahmani et al. (2022)
					Ammonium nitrogen	100%
					total Nitrogen	57.14%,
					total Phosphorus	75.51%
					Copper	73.39
					Lead	72.80
					Cadmium	48.42
5	Nannochloropsis oculata	Produced water from oil field in Iraq	Florescence light (2000 lux) at and a light photoperiod of 18:6 h light:dark, 25°C±1°C, continuous filtered air at a constant flow rate via two aquarium air pumps	1.13	Oil	66.5	Ammar et al. (2018)
					COD	54
6	Nannochloropsis oculata	Produced water from a TOTAL operating site in France	14/10 h light/dark periods, by LED lamps, temperature at (21 ± 1°C), autotrophic conditions with air. CO2 was added in pulse, 5 s each 20–40 min and pH between 7.5 and 9	—	Ammonium nitrogen	≈100	Parsy et al. (2020)
					COD	70
					Iron	100
7	Nannochloropsis oculata	Produced water from an oil field in Brazil	Aerated photobioreactors (3 L min−1), cold white LED lamps with light intensity of 57 μmol m−2·s−1, photoperiod of 12:12 h. Temperature controlled at 21°C±.9°C. The pH was fixed at 7	—	PAHs	94	Marques et al. (2021)
					NAP	96
					APT	95
					FLU	91
					PHE	83
					BbF	95
					DA	90
					BaP	95
					Iron	96.80
8	Galdieria sulphuraria	Produced water from an oil and gas facility in United States.	Tissue Culture Roller Drum Apparatus inside an incubator CO2 level was kept constant at 2%–3% (v/v), temperature 42°C with 24 h of continuous illumination (∼4000 lux)	5.12 ± .28	total Nitrogen	≈100	Rahman et al. (2021)
9	Isochrysis galbana	Produced water from oil field in Iraq	Florescence light (2000 lux), and a photoperiod of 18:6 h light: dark, 25°C±1°C, continuous filtered air at a constant flow rate via two aquarium air pumps	1.01	Oil	68	Ammar et al. (2018)
					COD	56
10	Dunaliella tertiolecta	Produced water from an oil production facility in the Permian Basin of southeast New Mexico	Temperature controlled at 24°C in a growth chamber with fluorescent illumination of 100 μmol photons m−2 s−1. agitation was set at at 140 rpm with a 16-h light/8-h dark cycle	≈0.3	nitrate	≈99.6	Hopkins et al. (2019)
					Phosphate	≈99.6

PAHs, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; NAP, naphthalene; AP, acenaphthylene; FLU, fluorene; PHE, phenanthrene; BbF, benzo(b)fluoranthene; DA, dibenzo (a, h) anthracene; BaP, benzo(a)pyrene.