Table 1. Demographic and clinical characteristics of study participants.
| Variables | Total (N=169) | Survival (n=131) | Death (n=38) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||||
| Male | 106 (62.7) | 82 (62.6) | 24 (63.2) | 1.000 |
| Age, years | 46.2±15.6 | 44.6±15.3 | 52.0±15.4 | 0.009 |
| White | 103 (60.9) | 81 (61.8) | 22 (57.9) | 0.661 |
| Educational level, <8 years of schooling | 85 (50.3) | 59 (45.0) | 26 (68.4) | 0.011 |
| Marital status | 0.048 | |||
| Single | 65 (38.5) | 47 (35.9) | 18 (47.4) | |
| Married | 75 (44.4) | 63 (48.1) | 12 (31.6) | |
| Divorced/Separated | 16 (9.5) | 14 (10.7) | 2 (5.3) | |
| Widowed* | 13 (7.7) | 7 (5.3) | 6 (15.8) | |
| Income level per month, ≤1 standard MW* | 43 (25.4) | 30 (22.9) | 13 (34.2) | 0.159 |
| Clinical | ||||
| Previous TB diagnosis | 16 (9.5) | 12 (9.2) | 4 (10.5) | 0.505 |
| Length of hospital stay, days | 19 [11-29] | 18 [10-29] | 24 [12-43] | 0.083 |
| ICU admission | 23 (13.6) | 18 (13.7) | 5 (13.2) | 1.000 |
| Dyspnea | 82 (48.5) | 67 (51.1) | 15 (39.5) | 0.205 |
| Cough | 112 (66.3) | 86 (65.6) | 26 (68.4) | 0.750 |
| Sputum | 71 (42.0) | 49 (37.4) | 22 (57.9) | 0.024 |
| Fever | 127 (75.1) | 101 (77.1) | 26 (68.4) | 0.276 |
| Hemoptysis | 27 (16.0) | 22 (16.8) | 5 (13.2) | 0.802 |
| Chest pain | 70 (41.4) | 55 (42.0) | 15 (39.5) | 0.782 |
| Night sweats | 98 (58.0) | 75 (57.3) | 23 (60.5) | 0.719 |
| Loss of weight | 141 (83.4) | 106 (80.9) | 35 (92.1) | 0.102 |
| Current smoker | 59 (34.9) | 41 (31.3) | 18 (47.4) | 0.067 |
| Current alcoholism | 26 (15.4) | 19 (14.5) | 7 (18.4) | 0.556 |
| Current illicit drug use | 26 (15.4) | 18 (13.7) | 8 (21.1) | 0.271 |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index | 4.1±2.8 | 3.8±2.7 | 5.2±2.8 | 0.003 |
| HIV status | 87 (51.5) | 63 (48.1) | 24 (63.2) | 0.102 |
| Smear-positive sputum | 112 (66.3) | 87 (66.4) | 25 (65.8) | 0.943 |
| Positive culture | 71 (42.0) | 50 (38.2) | 21 (55.3) | 0.060 |
| Chest X-ray** | 142 (84.0) | 110 (84.0) | 32 (84.2) | 0.972 |
| Pulmonary tuberculosis | 85 (50.3) | 65 (49.6) | 20 (52.6) | 0.744 |
| Treatment with basic drug regimen*** | 161 (95.3) | 127 (96.9) | 34 (89.5) | 0.077 |
| DOTS or supervised treatment | 101 (59.8) | 82 (62.6) | 19 (50.0) | 0.163 |
| Treatment default | 11 (6.5) | 11 (8.4) | - | - |
| Cure | 118 (69.8) | 118 (90.1) | - | - |
Data are reported as n (%), means±SD, or median [IQR]. P-values in bold are statistically significant. Chi-squared test was used for categorical variables and the Student's t-test was used for continuous variables. MW: minimum wage; TB: tuberculosis; ICU: intensive care unit; HIV: human immunodeficiency virus; DOTS: directly observed treatment short course. *1 standard minimum wage corresponded to approximately US$241. **Interpretation suggesting pulmonary TB. ***Basic drug regimen (rifampicin, isoniazid, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide).