Table 2:

Association between HIV group and HOMA-IR using linear mixed effects model. Results show the mean percentage difference (with 95% CI) in HOMA-IR between the exposed group (CHIV/CHEU) and the unexposed group, CHU.

	CHIV vs. CHU		CHEU vs. CHU
	Estimated mean percentage difference (95% CI)	p-value	Estimated mean percentage difference (95% CI)	p-value
6–8 years	73% (15.9% to 158.2%)	<0.001	−13% (−40.3% to 26.6%)	1
8–9 years	24.7% (−3.1% to 60.5%)	0.095	16.5% (−11.1% to 52.7%)	0.875
9–10 years	24.7% (0.3% to 55.1%)	0.040	−12.2% (−30.1% to 10.2%)	0.875
10–11 years	16.2% (−5.7% to 43.3%)	0.161	2% (−18.8% to 28.3%)	1
11–12 years	−0.6% (−19.8% to 23.4%)	1.000	−4.8% (−26% to 22.5%)	1
12–13 years	22.1% (−5.7% to 58.1%)	0.153	8.9% (−20.4% to 48.8%)	1
13–16 years	5.7% (−19.3% to 38.5%)	1.000	−3.1% (−27.5% to 29.5%)	1
Results of other confounders in the model
	Mean % difference	p-value
Sex: Male	−17.3% (−23.2% to −11.0%)	<0.001
Height (per 1cm change)	2.1% (1.6% to 2.6%)	<0.001

HOMA-IR was modelled on a logarithmic scale (base 10) given skewness, however parameter estimates and 95% CIs are back-transformed and represent the mean percentage difference in HOMA-IR compared to the stated reference. Results are after controlling for sex, height and age, and the interaction between age and HIV group. Results are Holm adjusted. Using the lowest AIC, the model with random intercept only had the lowest AIC. Models are derived in RStudio using the nlme package.

CHU: Children who are HIV unexposed; CHEU: Children who are HIV exposed uninfected; CHIV: Children living with perinatally-acquired HIV; HOMA-IR: Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance