Table 1.
Clinical studies on BBs
| Cancer | Sample size | Phase | Status | Outcome | β-Blocker subtype used in the study | Assessed perioperative β-blocker use | Combination of drugs | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BC | 1144 | 3 | Completed | Improving PFS with advanced HER2-negative BC patients | Bisoprolol, metoprolol, atenolol, propranolol | No | Ramucirumab (IMC-1121B) docetaxel | NCT00703326 |
| BC | 2 | 2 | Completed | Zero AEs have been reported/observed during and at the end of treatment | Propranolol | No | No | NCT02596867 |
| BC | 262 | 3 | Completed | Prevention of LVEF decline and cardiac remodeling related to cancer treatment | Bisoprolol | No | Ramipril | NCT02236806 |
| BC | 82 | 2 | Completed | Not reported | Carvedilol | No | Herceptin | NCT02177175 |
| BC | 20 | 1 | Completed | The use of standard-of-care treatments for left ventricular impairment using ACE-I and BBs for trastuzumab therapy-induced left ventricular dysfunction is safe and improves LVEFs | Carvedilol | No | Ramipril | NCT02907021 |
| BC | 130 | 2 | Completed | Early adjuvant treatment of anthracycline-containing is associated with a decrease in LVEF during extended follow-up | Metoprolol | No | Candesartan | NCT01434134 |
| BC | 450 | 2 | Ongoing | Not reported | Carvedilol | No | No | NCT03879629 |
| BC | 100 | 2 | Ongoing | Not reported | Bisoprolol | No | Perindopril | NCT04588935 |
| BC | 32 | Not applicable | Completed | Decreased pro-metastatic and invasive markers | Propranolol | Yes | Etodolac | NCT00502684 |
| BC | 200 | 3 | Completed | Using carvedilol reduces troponin levels and diastolic dysfunction | Carvedilol | No | Anthracycline (ANT) chemotherapy | NCT01724450 |
| BC (locally advanced malignant neoplasm) | 10 | 2 | Completed | One AEs have been reported/observed during and at the end of treatment | Propranolol | No | Paclitaxel or Doxorubicin and Cyclophosphamide | NCT01847001 |
| Metastatic HER-2-positive BC | 817 | 3 | Ongoing | Not reported | Carvedilol | No | No | NCT03418961 |
| HER2 positive BC | 150 | 2 | Ongoing | Not reported | Carvedilol | No | No | NCT02993198 |
| HER2 positive BC | 31 | 2 | Completed | Minimizing the risk of poor cardiac outcomes | Carvedilol | No | Herceptin or Perjeta or Kadcyla | NCT01904903 |
| Hemangioma | 6 | 1 | Completed | Hemangioma size improved in 75% of subjects | Timolol | No | No | NCT01147601 |
| Infantile hemangiomas | 377 | 3 | Completed | Compare with propranolol, atenolol has similar efficacy and fewer adverse events | Propranolol, atenolol | No | No | NCT02342275 |
| Infantile hemangiomas | 512 | 2, 3 | Completed | Propranolol is effective in the treatment of infantile hemangioma | Propranolol | No | No | NCT01056341 |
| Adults with spinal hemangioma | 1000 | 4 | Ongoing | Not Reported | Atenolol, propranolol | No | No | NCT05106179 |
| Multiple myeloma | 25 | 2 | Completed | It is feasible to recruit and treat multiple myeloma patients with propranolol during Hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) | Propranolol | No | No | NCT02420223 |
| Multiple myeloma | 90 | 3 | Completed | Enalapril and carvedilol combination therapy prevent chemotherapy-induced left ventricular systolic dysfunction (LVSD) in patients with malignant hemopathies treated | Carvedilol | No | Enalapril | NCT01110824 |
| Colorectal neoplasms | 200 | 2 | Ongoing | Perioperative inhibition of β-ARs and COX-2 provides a reliable and effective strategy for inhibiting multiple pathways associated with metastasis and cancer recurrence | Propranolol | Yes | Etodolac | NCT03919461 |
| Colorectal neoplasms | 400 | 3 | Completed | No association between post-diagnostic BB use and CRC-specific mortality | Propranolol | No | Etodolac | NCT00888797 |
| Ovarian, primary peritoneal, or fallopian tube cancer | 32 | 1 | Completed | Not reported | Propranolol hydrochloride | No | No | NCT01504126 |
| Invasive epithelial ovarian cancer, primary peritoneal carcinoma, fallopian tube cancer | 24 | 1 | Completed | Not reported | Propranolol | No | No | NCT01308944 |
| Skin melanoma | 450 | 2 | Suspended | BBs are associate with lower risk of melanoma recurrence and mortality | Propranolol hydrochloride | No | No | NCT01988831 |
| Stage IIIC cutaneous melanoma AJCC v7, stage IV cutaneous melanoma AJCC v6, and v7 | 47 | 1,2 | Ongoing | Not reported | Propranolol hydrochloride | No | Pembrolizumab | NCT03384836 |
| Pancreatic neoplasms | 210 | 2 | Ongoing | Numerous perioperative pro-metastatic markers are reduced in blood and resected tumors | Propranolol | Yes | Etodolac | NCT03838029 |
| Plasma cell myeloma | 220 | Not applicable | Ongoing | Not reported | Propranolol | No | No | NCT05312255 |
| Esophagel adenocarcinoma | 60 | 2 | Ongoing | Not reported | Propranolol | No | Carboplatin and radiation therapy | NCT04682158 |
| Non-small cell lung cancer, adenocarcinoma | 345 | 3 | Completed | PFS has been improved in lung cancer patients, delaying resistance to EGFR TKI | Not reported | No | Cisplatin, pemetrexed, afatinib | NCT00949650 |
| Bladder cancer | 242 | 2 | Ongoing | Not reported | Propranolol hydrochloride | No | BCG | NCT04493489 |
| Advanced cancer (cachexia) | 15 | Not applicable | Completed | Cancer patients who experience cachexia gain weight | Atenolol | No | Graded resistance training and aerobic exercise and melatonin and Juven and ibuprofen | NCT00625742 |
AEs adverse event, BC breast cancer, LVEF left ventricular ejection fraction, PFS progression-free survival