Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2023 Jan 27;14:438. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-36095-x

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

PMC Copyright notice

Fig. 4 — a Initially electron phase space distribution (f) is assumed to be rather isotropic, which is correspondingly deformed under 2-hour scattering effect of different waves. b Combined diffusion of LBC and SH eventually forms the pancake distribution, after electrons near the loss cone are rapidly driven into the ionosphere. c Lower-band chorus (LBC) only cause rapid loss of electrons above 4 keV with trapped electrons affected slightly. d Second-harmonic (SH) emissions alone contribute to the evolutions of almost all stimulated electrons, especially near 2 keV.